The last three millions of unequal spring thaws

• Main Authors: Martinetto, Edoardo, Bertini, Adele, Bhandari, Sudarshan, Bruch, Angela A., Cerilli, Eugenio, Cherin, Marco, Field, Judith H., Gabrielyan, Ivan, Gianotti, Franco, Kern, Andrea K., Kienast, Frank, Lindsey, Emily L., Momohara, Arata, Ravazzi, Cesare, Thomas, Elizabeth R.
• Other Authors: Martinetto, E., Tschopp, E., Gastaldo, R.
• Format: Book Part
• Language: unknown
• Published: Springer 2020
• Subjects: Greenland; Antarc*; Antarctica
• Online Access: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/528276/; https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-35058-1_1

Evidence from various climate proxies provides us with increasingly reliable proof that only in the past 10 millennia were natural systems more or less as we see them at the present (without considering human impact). Prior to 10,000 years ago, natural systems repeatedly changed under the influence of an unstable climate. This is particularly true over the last one million years. During these times, terrestrial environments were populated by a diversity of large animals that did not survive either the last dramatic climate change or the increasing power of humans. The volume of continental ice covering the land and its impact on the planet’s physiography∗ and vegetation have varied consistently. We can try to imagine extreme conditions: the very cold springtimes of the full glacials∗, and the warm springtimes of the rapid deglaciation phases, with enormous volumes of water feeding terrifying rivers. Most of this story is frozen in the ice cover of Greenland and Antarctica, the deep layers of which have been reached by human coring activities only over the past half century. Shorter cores have been drilled in high-altitude ice caps (e.g., in the Andes) that provide insight into other parts of the planet. The interpretation of the signals locked into the ice cores led to the reconstruction of climatic curves covering approximately the past 800 millennia. In addition, long sediment cores have been recovered from thousands of lakes across the globe and yielded data useful to estimate climatic trends based on pollen* records. In the past one to three million years, the continents and oceans were in roughly their present-day locations. Environmental factors, including tectonics (mountain uplift or closure of ocean gateways), interacted with the overall long-term oscillation in atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentration, which, in turn, influenced vegetation cover and ecosystem composition. Well-established glacial-interglacial∗ cycles impacted biotic dispersal∗ events at mid-to-high latitudes and determined the ...