Pathways and modification of warm water flowing beneath Thwaites Ice Shelf, West Antarctica

• Published in: Science Advances
• Main Authors: Wåhlin, A.K., Graham, A.G.C., Hogan, K.A., Queste, B.Y., Boehme, L., Larter, R.D., Pettit, E.C., Wellner, J., Heywood, K.J.
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: American Association for the Advancement of Science 2021
• Subjects: Antarctic; West Antarctica; West Antarctic Ice Sheet; Island Bay; Pine Island Bay; Thwaites Glacier; Antarc*; Antarctica; Ice Sheet; Ice Shelf; Pine Island; Thwaites Ice Shelf
• Online Access: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/528118/; https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/528118/1/eabd7254.full.pdf; https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/15/eabd7254

Thwaites Glacier is the most rapidly changing outlet of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and adds large uncertainty to 21st century sea-level rise predictions. Here, we present the first direct observations of ocean temperature, salinity, and oxygen beneath Thwaites Ice Shelf front, collected by an autonomous underwater vehicle. On the basis of these data, pathways and modification of water flowing into the cavity are identified. Deep water underneath the central ice shelf derives from a previously underestimated eastern branch of warm water entering the cavity from Pine Island Bay. Inflow of warm and outflow of melt-enriched waters are identified in two seafloor troughs to the north. Spatial property gradients highlight a previously unknown convergence zone in one trough, where different water masses meet and mix. Our observations show warm water impinging from all sides on pinning points critical to ice-shelf stability, a scenario that may lead to unpinning and retreat.