The three-dimensional shape of sea ice revealed by multibeam sonar

• Published in: Geological Society, London, Memoirs
• Main Authors: Wilkinson, J. P., Wadhams, P.
• Other Authors: Dowdeswell, J.A., Canals, M., Jakobsson, M., Todd, B.J., Dowdeswell, E.K., Hogan, K.A.
• Format: Book Part
• Language: unknown
• Published: Geological Society of London 2016
• Subjects: Arctic; Pancake; Sea ice
• Online Access: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/516778/; https://doi.org/10.1144/M46.181

The life history of sea ice is written in its basal morphology. Sea ice progresses through several stages during its lifecycle, including frazil, nilas and pancake ice, until it bonds into a near-continuous sheet known as first-year (FY) ice. If this ice survives the summer melt-season, it becomes multiyear (MY) ice (Weeks & Ackley 1986). Both FY and MY sea ice have significant morphological variability, ranging from undeformed, level ice to heavily deformed or ridged ice. These variations lead to a complex, highly heterogeneous ice topography. Profiling the underside of Arctic sea ice was first performed by nuclear submarines (e.g. Wadhams 1988, 2000); however, since the end of the Cold War, military submarine transits of the Arctic have become less frequent and are insufficient to understand climate-induced trends. Therefore, deployment of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) equipped with upward-looking multibeam sonar represents an important innovation.