Fresh water and its role in the Arctic Marine System: sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans
The Arctic Ocean is a fundamental node in the global hydrological cycle and the ocean's thermohaline circulation. We here assess the system's key functions and processes: (1) the delivery of fresh and low-salinity waters to the Arctic Ocean by river inflow, net precipitation, distillation...
Published in: | Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences |
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Online Access: | http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/513387/ https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/513387/1/Carmack_et_al-2016-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Biogeosciences.pdf https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003140 |
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ftnerc:oai:nora.nerc.ac.uk:513387 2023-05-15T14:24:12+02:00 Fresh water and its role in the Arctic Marine System: sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans Carmack, E. Yamamoto-Kawai, M. Haine, T. Bacon, S. Bluhm, B. Lique, C. Melling, H. Polyakov, I. Straneo, F. Timmermans, M.-L. Williams, W. 2016-03-30 text http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/513387/ https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/513387/1/Carmack_et_al-2016-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Biogeosciences.pdf https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003140 en eng https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/513387/1/Carmack_et_al-2016-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Biogeosciences.pdf Carmack, E.; Yamamoto-Kawai, M.; Haine, T.; Bacon, S. orcid:0000-0002-2471-9373 Bluhm, B.; Lique, C.; Melling, H.; Polyakov, I.; Straneo, F.; Timmermans, M.-L.; Williams, W. 2016 Fresh water and its role in the Arctic Marine System: sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 121 (3). 675-717. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003140 <https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003140> cc_by_nc_nd_4 CC-BY-NC-ND Marine Sciences Publication - Article PeerReviewed 2016 ftnerc https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003140 2023-02-04T19:42:55Z The Arctic Ocean is a fundamental node in the global hydrological cycle and the ocean's thermohaline circulation. We here assess the system's key functions and processes: (1) the delivery of fresh and low-salinity waters to the Arctic Ocean by river inflow, net precipitation, distillation during the freeze/thaw cycle, and Pacific Ocean inflows; (2) the disposition (e.g., sources, pathways, and storage) of freshwater components within the Arctic Ocean; and (3) the release and export of freshwater components into the bordering convective domains of the North Atlantic. We then examine physical, chemical, or biological processes which are influenced or constrained by the local quantities and geochemical qualities of freshwater; these include stratification and vertical mixing, ocean heat flux, nutrient supply, primary production, ocean acidification, and biogeochemical cycling. Internal to the Arctic the joint effects of sea ice decline and hydrological cycle intensification have strengthened coupling between the ocean and the atmosphere (e.g., wind and ice drift stresses, solar radiation, and heat and moisture exchange), the bordering drainage basins (e.g., river discharge, sediment transport, and erosion), and terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., Arctic greening, dissolved and particulate carbon loading, and altered phenology of biotic components). External to the Arctic freshwater export acts as both a constraint to and a necessary ingredient for deep convection in the bordering subarctic gyres and thus affects the global thermohaline circulation. Geochemical fingerprints attained within the Arctic Ocean are likewise exported into the neighboring subarctic systems and beyond. Finally, we discuss observed and modeled functions and changes in this system on seasonal, annual, and decadal time scales and discuss mechanisms that link the marine system to atmospheric, terrestrial, and cryospheric systems. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Arctic Greening Arctic Arctic Ocean North Atlantic Ocean acidification Sea ice Subarctic Natural Environment Research Council: NERC Open Research Archive Arctic Arctic Ocean Pacific Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 121 3 675 717 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Natural Environment Research Council: NERC Open Research Archive |
op_collection_id |
ftnerc |
language |
English |
topic |
Marine Sciences |
spellingShingle |
Marine Sciences Carmack, E. Yamamoto-Kawai, M. Haine, T. Bacon, S. Bluhm, B. Lique, C. Melling, H. Polyakov, I. Straneo, F. Timmermans, M.-L. Williams, W. Fresh water and its role in the Arctic Marine System: sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans |
topic_facet |
Marine Sciences |
description |
The Arctic Ocean is a fundamental node in the global hydrological cycle and the ocean's thermohaline circulation. We here assess the system's key functions and processes: (1) the delivery of fresh and low-salinity waters to the Arctic Ocean by river inflow, net precipitation, distillation during the freeze/thaw cycle, and Pacific Ocean inflows; (2) the disposition (e.g., sources, pathways, and storage) of freshwater components within the Arctic Ocean; and (3) the release and export of freshwater components into the bordering convective domains of the North Atlantic. We then examine physical, chemical, or biological processes which are influenced or constrained by the local quantities and geochemical qualities of freshwater; these include stratification and vertical mixing, ocean heat flux, nutrient supply, primary production, ocean acidification, and biogeochemical cycling. Internal to the Arctic the joint effects of sea ice decline and hydrological cycle intensification have strengthened coupling between the ocean and the atmosphere (e.g., wind and ice drift stresses, solar radiation, and heat and moisture exchange), the bordering drainage basins (e.g., river discharge, sediment transport, and erosion), and terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., Arctic greening, dissolved and particulate carbon loading, and altered phenology of biotic components). External to the Arctic freshwater export acts as both a constraint to and a necessary ingredient for deep convection in the bordering subarctic gyres and thus affects the global thermohaline circulation. Geochemical fingerprints attained within the Arctic Ocean are likewise exported into the neighboring subarctic systems and beyond. Finally, we discuss observed and modeled functions and changes in this system on seasonal, annual, and decadal time scales and discuss mechanisms that link the marine system to atmospheric, terrestrial, and cryospheric systems. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Carmack, E. Yamamoto-Kawai, M. Haine, T. Bacon, S. Bluhm, B. Lique, C. Melling, H. Polyakov, I. Straneo, F. Timmermans, M.-L. Williams, W. |
author_facet |
Carmack, E. Yamamoto-Kawai, M. Haine, T. Bacon, S. Bluhm, B. Lique, C. Melling, H. Polyakov, I. Straneo, F. Timmermans, M.-L. Williams, W. |
author_sort |
Carmack, E. |
title |
Fresh water and its role in the Arctic Marine System: sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans |
title_short |
Fresh water and its role in the Arctic Marine System: sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans |
title_full |
Fresh water and its role in the Arctic Marine System: sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans |
title_fullStr |
Fresh water and its role in the Arctic Marine System: sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans |
title_full_unstemmed |
Fresh water and its role in the Arctic Marine System: sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans |
title_sort |
fresh water and its role in the arctic marine system: sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the arctic and global oceans |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/513387/ https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/513387/1/Carmack_et_al-2016-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Biogeosciences.pdf https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003140 |
geographic |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Pacific |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Pacific |
genre |
Arctic Arctic Greening Arctic Arctic Ocean North Atlantic Ocean acidification Sea ice Subarctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic Greening Arctic Arctic Ocean North Atlantic Ocean acidification Sea ice Subarctic |
op_relation |
https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/513387/1/Carmack_et_al-2016-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Biogeosciences.pdf Carmack, E.; Yamamoto-Kawai, M.; Haine, T.; Bacon, S. orcid:0000-0002-2471-9373 Bluhm, B.; Lique, C.; Melling, H.; Polyakov, I.; Straneo, F.; Timmermans, M.-L.; Williams, W. 2016 Fresh water and its role in the Arctic Marine System: sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 121 (3). 675-717. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003140 <https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003140> |
op_rights |
cc_by_nc_nd_4 |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY-NC-ND |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003140 |
container_title |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences |
container_volume |
121 |
container_issue |
3 |
container_start_page |
675 |
op_container_end_page |
717 |
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1766296657404624896 |