Satellite detection, long-range transport, and air quality impacts of volcanic sulfur dioxide from the 2014-2015 flood lava eruption at Bárðarbunga (Iceland)
The 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn fissure eruption at Holuhraun produced about 1.5 km3 of lava, making it the largest eruption in Iceland in more than 200 years. Over the course of the eruption, daily volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions exceeded daily SO2 emissions from all anthropogenic sourc...
Published in: | Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |
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American Geophysical Union
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Online Access: | http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/512912/ https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/512912/1/Schmidt_et_al-2015-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Atmospheres.pdf https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023638 |
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ftnerc:oai:nora.nerc.ac.uk:512912 2023-05-15T16:49:39+02:00 Satellite detection, long-range transport, and air quality impacts of volcanic sulfur dioxide from the 2014-2015 flood lava eruption at Bárðarbunga (Iceland) Schmidt, Anja Leadbetter, Susan Theys, Nicolas Carboni, Elisa Witham, Claire S. Stevenson, John A. Birch, Cathryn E. Thordarson, Thorvaldur Turnock, Steven Barsotti, Sara Delaney, Lin Feng, Wuhu Grainger, Roy G. Hort, Matthew C. Höskuldsson, Ármann Ialongo, Iolanda Ilyinskaya, Evgenia Jóhannsson, Thorsteinn Kenny, Patrick Mather, Tamsin A. Richards, Nigel A. D. Shepherd, Janet 2015 text http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/512912/ https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/512912/1/Schmidt_et_al-2015-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Atmospheres.pdf https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023638 en eng American Geophysical Union https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/512912/1/Schmidt_et_al-2015-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Atmospheres.pdf Schmidt, Anja; Leadbetter, Susan; Theys, Nicolas; Carboni, Elisa; Witham, Claire S.; Stevenson, John A.; Birch, Cathryn E.; Thordarson, Thorvaldur; Turnock, Steven; Barsotti, Sara; Delaney, Lin; Feng, Wuhu; Grainger, Roy G.; Hort, Matthew C.; Höskuldsson, Ármann; Ialongo, Iolanda; Ilyinskaya, Evgenia; Jóhannsson, Thorsteinn; Kenny, Patrick; Mather, Tamsin A.; Richards, Nigel A. D.; Shepherd, Janet. 2015 Satellite detection, long-range transport, and air quality impacts of volcanic sulfur dioxide from the 2014-2015 flood lava eruption at Bárðarbunga (Iceland). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120 (18). 9739-9757. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023638 <https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023638> cc_by_4 CC-BY Publication - Article PeerReviewed 2015 ftnerc https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023638 2023-02-04T19:42:39Z The 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn fissure eruption at Holuhraun produced about 1.5 km3 of lava, making it the largest eruption in Iceland in more than 200 years. Over the course of the eruption, daily volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions exceeded daily SO2 emissions from all anthropogenic sources in Europe in 2010 by at least a factor of 3. We present surface air quality observations from across Northern Europe together with satellite remote sensing data and model simulations of volcanic SO2 for September 2014. We show that volcanic SO2 was transported in the lowermost troposphere over long distances and detected by air quality monitoring stations up to 2750 km away from the source. Using retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), we calculate an average daily SO2 mass burden of 99 ± 49 kilotons (kt) of SO2 from OMI and 61 ± 18 kt of SO2 from IASI for September 2014. This volcanic burden is at least a factor of 2 greater than the average SO2 mass burden between 2007 and 2009 due to anthropogenic emissions from the whole of Europe. Combining the observational data with model simulations using the United Kingdom Met Office's Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment model, we are able to constrain SO2 emission rates to up to 120 kilotons per day (kt/d) during early September 2014, followed by a decrease to 20–60 kt/d between 6 and 22 September 2014, followed by a renewed increase to 60–120 kt/d until the end of September 2014. Based on these fluxes, we estimate that the eruption emitted a total of 2.0 ± 0.6 Tg of SO2 during September 2014, in good agreement with ground-based remote sensing and petrological estimates. Although satellite-derived and model-simulated vertical column densities of SO2 agree well, the model simulations are biased low by up to a factor of 8 when compared to surface observations of volcanic SO2 on 6–7 September 2014 in Ireland. These biases are mainly due to relatively small horizontal and vertical ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Iceland Natural Environment Research Council: NERC Open Research Archive Holuhraun ENVELOPE(-16.831,-16.831,64.852,64.852) Veiðivötn ENVELOPE(-18.798,-18.798,64.120,64.120) Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 120 18 9739 9757 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Natural Environment Research Council: NERC Open Research Archive |
op_collection_id |
ftnerc |
language |
English |
description |
The 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn fissure eruption at Holuhraun produced about 1.5 km3 of lava, making it the largest eruption in Iceland in more than 200 years. Over the course of the eruption, daily volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions exceeded daily SO2 emissions from all anthropogenic sources in Europe in 2010 by at least a factor of 3. We present surface air quality observations from across Northern Europe together with satellite remote sensing data and model simulations of volcanic SO2 for September 2014. We show that volcanic SO2 was transported in the lowermost troposphere over long distances and detected by air quality monitoring stations up to 2750 km away from the source. Using retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), we calculate an average daily SO2 mass burden of 99 ± 49 kilotons (kt) of SO2 from OMI and 61 ± 18 kt of SO2 from IASI for September 2014. This volcanic burden is at least a factor of 2 greater than the average SO2 mass burden between 2007 and 2009 due to anthropogenic emissions from the whole of Europe. Combining the observational data with model simulations using the United Kingdom Met Office's Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment model, we are able to constrain SO2 emission rates to up to 120 kilotons per day (kt/d) during early September 2014, followed by a decrease to 20–60 kt/d between 6 and 22 September 2014, followed by a renewed increase to 60–120 kt/d until the end of September 2014. Based on these fluxes, we estimate that the eruption emitted a total of 2.0 ± 0.6 Tg of SO2 during September 2014, in good agreement with ground-based remote sensing and petrological estimates. Although satellite-derived and model-simulated vertical column densities of SO2 agree well, the model simulations are biased low by up to a factor of 8 when compared to surface observations of volcanic SO2 on 6–7 September 2014 in Ireland. These biases are mainly due to relatively small horizontal and vertical ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Schmidt, Anja Leadbetter, Susan Theys, Nicolas Carboni, Elisa Witham, Claire S. Stevenson, John A. Birch, Cathryn E. Thordarson, Thorvaldur Turnock, Steven Barsotti, Sara Delaney, Lin Feng, Wuhu Grainger, Roy G. Hort, Matthew C. Höskuldsson, Ármann Ialongo, Iolanda Ilyinskaya, Evgenia Jóhannsson, Thorsteinn Kenny, Patrick Mather, Tamsin A. Richards, Nigel A. D. Shepherd, Janet |
spellingShingle |
Schmidt, Anja Leadbetter, Susan Theys, Nicolas Carboni, Elisa Witham, Claire S. Stevenson, John A. Birch, Cathryn E. Thordarson, Thorvaldur Turnock, Steven Barsotti, Sara Delaney, Lin Feng, Wuhu Grainger, Roy G. Hort, Matthew C. Höskuldsson, Ármann Ialongo, Iolanda Ilyinskaya, Evgenia Jóhannsson, Thorsteinn Kenny, Patrick Mather, Tamsin A. Richards, Nigel A. D. Shepherd, Janet Satellite detection, long-range transport, and air quality impacts of volcanic sulfur dioxide from the 2014-2015 flood lava eruption at Bárðarbunga (Iceland) |
author_facet |
Schmidt, Anja Leadbetter, Susan Theys, Nicolas Carboni, Elisa Witham, Claire S. Stevenson, John A. Birch, Cathryn E. Thordarson, Thorvaldur Turnock, Steven Barsotti, Sara Delaney, Lin Feng, Wuhu Grainger, Roy G. Hort, Matthew C. Höskuldsson, Ármann Ialongo, Iolanda Ilyinskaya, Evgenia Jóhannsson, Thorsteinn Kenny, Patrick Mather, Tamsin A. Richards, Nigel A. D. Shepherd, Janet |
author_sort |
Schmidt, Anja |
title |
Satellite detection, long-range transport, and air quality impacts of volcanic sulfur dioxide from the 2014-2015 flood lava eruption at Bárðarbunga (Iceland) |
title_short |
Satellite detection, long-range transport, and air quality impacts of volcanic sulfur dioxide from the 2014-2015 flood lava eruption at Bárðarbunga (Iceland) |
title_full |
Satellite detection, long-range transport, and air quality impacts of volcanic sulfur dioxide from the 2014-2015 flood lava eruption at Bárðarbunga (Iceland) |
title_fullStr |
Satellite detection, long-range transport, and air quality impacts of volcanic sulfur dioxide from the 2014-2015 flood lava eruption at Bárðarbunga (Iceland) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Satellite detection, long-range transport, and air quality impacts of volcanic sulfur dioxide from the 2014-2015 flood lava eruption at Bárðarbunga (Iceland) |
title_sort |
satellite detection, long-range transport, and air quality impacts of volcanic sulfur dioxide from the 2014-2015 flood lava eruption at bárðarbunga (iceland) |
publisher |
American Geophysical Union |
publishDate |
2015 |
url |
http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/512912/ https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/512912/1/Schmidt_et_al-2015-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Atmospheres.pdf https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023638 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-16.831,-16.831,64.852,64.852) ENVELOPE(-18.798,-18.798,64.120,64.120) |
geographic |
Holuhraun Veiðivötn |
geographic_facet |
Holuhraun Veiðivötn |
genre |
Iceland |
genre_facet |
Iceland |
op_relation |
https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/512912/1/Schmidt_et_al-2015-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Atmospheres.pdf Schmidt, Anja; Leadbetter, Susan; Theys, Nicolas; Carboni, Elisa; Witham, Claire S.; Stevenson, John A.; Birch, Cathryn E.; Thordarson, Thorvaldur; Turnock, Steven; Barsotti, Sara; Delaney, Lin; Feng, Wuhu; Grainger, Roy G.; Hort, Matthew C.; Höskuldsson, Ármann; Ialongo, Iolanda; Ilyinskaya, Evgenia; Jóhannsson, Thorsteinn; Kenny, Patrick; Mather, Tamsin A.; Richards, Nigel A. D.; Shepherd, Janet. 2015 Satellite detection, long-range transport, and air quality impacts of volcanic sulfur dioxide from the 2014-2015 flood lava eruption at Bárðarbunga (Iceland). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120 (18). 9739-9757. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023638 <https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023638> |
op_rights |
cc_by_4 |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023638 |
container_title |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |
container_volume |
120 |
container_issue |
18 |
container_start_page |
9739 |
op_container_end_page |
9757 |
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1766039784465104896 |