Twentieth-Century Global-Mean Sea Level Rise: Is the Whole Greater than the Sum of the Parts?
Confidence in projections of global-mean sea level rise (GMSLR) depends on an ability to account for GMSLR during the twentieth century. There are contributions from ocean thermal expansion, mass loss from glaciers and ice sheets, groundwater extraction, and reservoir impoundment. Progress has been...
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ftnerc:oai:nora.nerc.ac.uk:503150 2023-05-15T13:48:07+02:00 Twentieth-Century Global-Mean Sea Level Rise: Is the Whole Greater than the Sum of the Parts? Gregory, J.M. White, N.J. Church, J.A. Bierkens, M.F.P. Box, J.E. van den Broeke, M R. Cogley, J.G. Fettweis, X. Hanna, E. Huybrechts, P. Konikow, L.F. Leclercq, P.W. Marzeion, B. Oerlemans, J. Tamisiea, M.E. Wada, Y. Wake, L.M. van de Wal, R.S.W. 2013-07 text http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/503150/ https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/503150/1/JCLI-D-12-00319-Gregory.pdf https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00319.1 en eng https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/503150/1/JCLI-D-12-00319-Gregory.pdf Gregory, J.M.; White, N.J.; Church, J.A.; Bierkens, M.F.P.; Box, J.E.; van den Broeke, M R.; Cogley, J.G.; Fettweis, X.; Hanna, E.; Huybrechts, P.; Konikow, L.F.; Leclercq, P.W.; Marzeion, B.; Oerlemans, J.; Tamisiea, M.E.; Wada, Y.; Wake, L.M.; van de Wal, R.S.W. 2013 Twentieth-Century Global-Mean Sea Level Rise: Is the Whole Greater than the Sum of the Parts? Journal of Climate, 26 (13). 4476-4499. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00319.1 <https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00319.1> Publication - Article PeerReviewed 2013 ftnerc https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00319.1 2023-02-04T19:37:42Z Confidence in projections of global-mean sea level rise (GMSLR) depends on an ability to account for GMSLR during the twentieth century. There are contributions from ocean thermal expansion, mass loss from glaciers and ice sheets, groundwater extraction, and reservoir impoundment. Progress has been made toward solving the “enigma” of twentieth-century GMSLR, which is that the observed GMSLR has previously been found to exceed the sum of estimated contributions, especially for the earlier decades. The authors propose the following: thermal expansion simulated by climate models may previously have been underestimated because of their not including volcanic forcing in their control state; the rate of glacier mass loss was larger than previously estimated and was not smaller in the first half than in the second half of the century; the Greenland ice sheet could have made a positive contribution throughout the century; and groundwater depletion and reservoir impoundment, which are of opposite sign, may have been approximately equal in magnitude. It is possible to reconstruct the time series of GMSLR from the quantified contributions, apart from a constant residual term, which is small enough to be explained as a long-term contribution from the Antarctic ice sheet. The reconstructions account for the observation that the rate of GMSLR was not much larger during the last 50 years than during the twentieth century as a whole, despite the increasing anthropogenic forcing. Semiempirical methods for projecting GMSLR depend on the existence of a relationship between global climate change and the rate of GMSLR, but the implication of the authors' closure of the budget is that such a relationship is weak or absent during the twentieth century. Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctic glacier Greenland Ice Sheet Natural Environment Research Council: NERC Open Research Archive Antarctic The Antarctic Greenland Journal of Climate 26 13 4476 4499 |
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Open Polar |
collection |
Natural Environment Research Council: NERC Open Research Archive |
op_collection_id |
ftnerc |
language |
English |
description |
Confidence in projections of global-mean sea level rise (GMSLR) depends on an ability to account for GMSLR during the twentieth century. There are contributions from ocean thermal expansion, mass loss from glaciers and ice sheets, groundwater extraction, and reservoir impoundment. Progress has been made toward solving the “enigma” of twentieth-century GMSLR, which is that the observed GMSLR has previously been found to exceed the sum of estimated contributions, especially for the earlier decades. The authors propose the following: thermal expansion simulated by climate models may previously have been underestimated because of their not including volcanic forcing in their control state; the rate of glacier mass loss was larger than previously estimated and was not smaller in the first half than in the second half of the century; the Greenland ice sheet could have made a positive contribution throughout the century; and groundwater depletion and reservoir impoundment, which are of opposite sign, may have been approximately equal in magnitude. It is possible to reconstruct the time series of GMSLR from the quantified contributions, apart from a constant residual term, which is small enough to be explained as a long-term contribution from the Antarctic ice sheet. The reconstructions account for the observation that the rate of GMSLR was not much larger during the last 50 years than during the twentieth century as a whole, despite the increasing anthropogenic forcing. Semiempirical methods for projecting GMSLR depend on the existence of a relationship between global climate change and the rate of GMSLR, but the implication of the authors' closure of the budget is that such a relationship is weak or absent during the twentieth century. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Gregory, J.M. White, N.J. Church, J.A. Bierkens, M.F.P. Box, J.E. van den Broeke, M R. Cogley, J.G. Fettweis, X. Hanna, E. Huybrechts, P. Konikow, L.F. Leclercq, P.W. Marzeion, B. Oerlemans, J. Tamisiea, M.E. Wada, Y. Wake, L.M. van de Wal, R.S.W. |
spellingShingle |
Gregory, J.M. White, N.J. Church, J.A. Bierkens, M.F.P. Box, J.E. van den Broeke, M R. Cogley, J.G. Fettweis, X. Hanna, E. Huybrechts, P. Konikow, L.F. Leclercq, P.W. Marzeion, B. Oerlemans, J. Tamisiea, M.E. Wada, Y. Wake, L.M. van de Wal, R.S.W. Twentieth-Century Global-Mean Sea Level Rise: Is the Whole Greater than the Sum of the Parts? |
author_facet |
Gregory, J.M. White, N.J. Church, J.A. Bierkens, M.F.P. Box, J.E. van den Broeke, M R. Cogley, J.G. Fettweis, X. Hanna, E. Huybrechts, P. Konikow, L.F. Leclercq, P.W. Marzeion, B. Oerlemans, J. Tamisiea, M.E. Wada, Y. Wake, L.M. van de Wal, R.S.W. |
author_sort |
Gregory, J.M. |
title |
Twentieth-Century Global-Mean Sea Level Rise: Is the Whole Greater than the Sum of the Parts? |
title_short |
Twentieth-Century Global-Mean Sea Level Rise: Is the Whole Greater than the Sum of the Parts? |
title_full |
Twentieth-Century Global-Mean Sea Level Rise: Is the Whole Greater than the Sum of the Parts? |
title_fullStr |
Twentieth-Century Global-Mean Sea Level Rise: Is the Whole Greater than the Sum of the Parts? |
title_full_unstemmed |
Twentieth-Century Global-Mean Sea Level Rise: Is the Whole Greater than the Sum of the Parts? |
title_sort |
twentieth-century global-mean sea level rise: is the whole greater than the sum of the parts? |
publishDate |
2013 |
url |
http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/503150/ https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/503150/1/JCLI-D-12-00319-Gregory.pdf https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00319.1 |
geographic |
Antarctic The Antarctic Greenland |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic The Antarctic Greenland |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic glacier Greenland Ice Sheet |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic glacier Greenland Ice Sheet |
op_relation |
https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/503150/1/JCLI-D-12-00319-Gregory.pdf Gregory, J.M.; White, N.J.; Church, J.A.; Bierkens, M.F.P.; Box, J.E.; van den Broeke, M R.; Cogley, J.G.; Fettweis, X.; Hanna, E.; Huybrechts, P.; Konikow, L.F.; Leclercq, P.W.; Marzeion, B.; Oerlemans, J.; Tamisiea, M.E.; Wada, Y.; Wake, L.M.; van de Wal, R.S.W. 2013 Twentieth-Century Global-Mean Sea Level Rise: Is the Whole Greater than the Sum of the Parts? Journal of Climate, 26 (13). 4476-4499. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00319.1 <https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00319.1> |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00319.1 |
container_title |
Journal of Climate |
container_volume |
26 |
container_issue |
13 |
container_start_page |
4476 |
op_container_end_page |
4499 |
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1766248680828960768 |