Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961-2008
We review the sea-level and energy budgets together from 1961, using recent and updated estimates of all terms. From 1972 to 2008, the observed sea-level rise (1.8 {plus minus} 0.2 mm yr-1 from tide gauges alone and 2.1 {plus minus} 0.2 mm yr-1 from a combination of tide gauges and altimeter observa...
Published in: | Geophysical Research Letters |
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Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
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American Geophysical Union
2011
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Online Access: | http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/collections/OSGC-000-000-003-484 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794 |
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ftncar:oai:drupal-site.org:articles_17522 2023-07-30T03:57:47+02:00 Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961-2008 Church, John (author) White, Neil (author) Konikow, Leonard (author) Doningues, Catia (author) Cogley, J. (author) Rignot, Eric (author) Gregory, Jonathan (author) van den Broeke, Michiel (author) Monaghan, Andrew (author) Velicogna, Isabella (author) 2011-09-16 application/pdf http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/collections/OSGC-000-000-003-484 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794 en eng American Geophysical Union Geophysical Research Letters http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/collections/OSGC-000-000-003-484 doi:10.1029/2011GL048794 ark:/85065/d7d21zxm Copyright 2011 American Geophysical Union. Glaciers Sea level Oceanography Cryosphere Ice sheets Text article 2011 ftncar https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794 2023-07-17T18:15:14Z We review the sea-level and energy budgets together from 1961, using recent and updated estimates of all terms. From 1972 to 2008, the observed sea-level rise (1.8 {plus minus} 0.2 mm yr-1 from tide gauges alone and 2.1 {plus minus} 0.2 mm yr-1 from a combination of tide gauges and altimeter observations) agrees well with the sum of contributions (1.8 {plus minus} 0.4 mm yr-1) in magnitude and with both having similar increases in the rate of rise during the period. The largest contributions come from ocean thermal expansion (0.8 mm yr-1) and the melting of glaciers and ice caps (0.7 mm yr-1), with Greenland and Antarctica contributing about 0.4 mm yr-1. The cryospheric contributions increase through the period (particularly in the 1990s) but the thermosteric contribution increases less rapidly. We include an improved estimate of aquifer depletion (0.3 mm yr-1), partially offsetting the retention of water in dams and giving a total terrestrial storage contribution of -0.1 mm yr-1. Ocean warming (90% of the total of the Earth's energy increase) continues through to the end of the record, in agreement with continued greenhouse gas forcing. The aerosol forcing, inferred as a residual in the atmospheric energy balance, is estimated as -0.8 {plus minus} 0.4 W m-2 for the 1980s and early 1990s. It increases in the late 1990s, as is required for consistency with little surface warming over the last decade. This increase is likely at least partially related to substantial increases in aerosol emissions from developing nations and moderate volcanic activity. Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctica Greenland OpenSky (NCAR/UCAR - National Center for Atmospheric Research/University Corporation for Atmospheric Research) Greenland Geophysical Research Letters 38 18 n/a n/a |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
OpenSky (NCAR/UCAR - National Center for Atmospheric Research/University Corporation for Atmospheric Research) |
op_collection_id |
ftncar |
language |
English |
topic |
Glaciers Sea level Oceanography Cryosphere Ice sheets |
spellingShingle |
Glaciers Sea level Oceanography Cryosphere Ice sheets Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961-2008 |
topic_facet |
Glaciers Sea level Oceanography Cryosphere Ice sheets |
description |
We review the sea-level and energy budgets together from 1961, using recent and updated estimates of all terms. From 1972 to 2008, the observed sea-level rise (1.8 {plus minus} 0.2 mm yr-1 from tide gauges alone and 2.1 {plus minus} 0.2 mm yr-1 from a combination of tide gauges and altimeter observations) agrees well with the sum of contributions (1.8 {plus minus} 0.4 mm yr-1) in magnitude and with both having similar increases in the rate of rise during the period. The largest contributions come from ocean thermal expansion (0.8 mm yr-1) and the melting of glaciers and ice caps (0.7 mm yr-1), with Greenland and Antarctica contributing about 0.4 mm yr-1. The cryospheric contributions increase through the period (particularly in the 1990s) but the thermosteric contribution increases less rapidly. We include an improved estimate of aquifer depletion (0.3 mm yr-1), partially offsetting the retention of water in dams and giving a total terrestrial storage contribution of -0.1 mm yr-1. Ocean warming (90% of the total of the Earth's energy increase) continues through to the end of the record, in agreement with continued greenhouse gas forcing. The aerosol forcing, inferred as a residual in the atmospheric energy balance, is estimated as -0.8 {plus minus} 0.4 W m-2 for the 1980s and early 1990s. It increases in the late 1990s, as is required for consistency with little surface warming over the last decade. This increase is likely at least partially related to substantial increases in aerosol emissions from developing nations and moderate volcanic activity. |
author2 |
Church, John (author) White, Neil (author) Konikow, Leonard (author) Doningues, Catia (author) Cogley, J. (author) Rignot, Eric (author) Gregory, Jonathan (author) van den Broeke, Michiel (author) Monaghan, Andrew (author) Velicogna, Isabella (author) |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
title |
Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961-2008 |
title_short |
Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961-2008 |
title_full |
Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961-2008 |
title_fullStr |
Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961-2008 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961-2008 |
title_sort |
revisiting the earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961-2008 |
publisher |
American Geophysical Union |
publishDate |
2011 |
url |
http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/collections/OSGC-000-000-003-484 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794 |
geographic |
Greenland |
geographic_facet |
Greenland |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctica Greenland |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctica Greenland |
op_relation |
Geophysical Research Letters http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/collections/OSGC-000-000-003-484 doi:10.1029/2011GL048794 ark:/85065/d7d21zxm |
op_rights |
Copyright 2011 American Geophysical Union. |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794 |
container_title |
Geophysical Research Letters |
container_volume |
38 |
container_issue |
18 |
container_start_page |
n/a |
op_container_end_page |
n/a |
_version_ |
1772819273761161216 |