The polar marine climate revisited
As an additional classification to Köppen’s climate classification for polar (E) climates, the Polar Marine (EM) climate was presented nearly five decades ago and is revisited in this paper. The EM climate was traced to the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Ocean and recognized as wet, clo...
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American Meteorological Society
2013
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Online Access: | http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/collections/OSGC-000-000-018-952 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00660.1 |
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ftncar:oai:drupal-site.org:articles_12700 2023-07-30T04:05:31+02:00 The polar marine climate revisited Ballinger, Thomas (author) Schmidlin, Thomas (author) Steinhoff, Daniel (author) 2013-06-01 application/pdf http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/collections/OSGC-000-000-018-952 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00660.1 en eng American Meteorological Society Journal of Climate http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/collections/OSGC-000-000-018-952 doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00660.1 ark:/85065/d7js9r84 Copyright 2013 American Meteorological Society (AMS). Permission to use figures, tables, and brief excerpts from this work in scientific and educational works is hereby granted provided that the source is acknowledged. Any use of material in this work that is determined to be "fair use" under Section 107 or that satisfies the conditions specified in Section 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law (17 USC, as revised by P.L. 94-553) does not require the Society's permission. Republication, systematic reproduction, posting in electronic form on servers, or other uses of this material, except as exempted by the above statements, requires written permission or license from the AMS. Additional details are provided in the AMS Copyright Policies, available from the AMS at 617-227-2425 or amspubs@ametsoc.org. Permission to place a copy of this work on this server has been provided by the AMS. The AMS does not guarantee that the copy provided here is an accurate copy of the published work. Text article 2013 ftncar https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00660.1 2023-07-17T18:27:54Z As an additional classification to Köppen’s climate classification for polar (E) climates, the Polar Marine (EM) climate was presented nearly five decades ago and is revisited in this paper. The EM climate was traced to the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Ocean and recognized as wet, cloudy, and windy, especially during winter. These areas by definition are encompassed by monthly mean air temperatures of -6.7°C (20°F) and 10°C (50°F) in the coldest and warmest months of the annual cycle, respectively. Here three global reanalyses [ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), and Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) 25-yr reanalysis (JRA-25)] are used to produce a modern depiction of EM climate. General agreement is found between original and new EM boundaries, for which the poleward boundary can be approximated by the winter sea ice maximum and the equatorward boundary by the warmest month SSTs. Variability of these parameters is shown to largely dictate the EM area. A downward trend in global EM areal extent for 1979-2010 (-42.4 × 109 m2 yr-1) is dominated by the negative Northern Hemisphere (NH) EM trend (-45.7 × 109 m2 yr-1), whereas the Southern Hemisphere (SH) EM areal trend is insignificant. This observed reduction in NH EM areal extent of roughly 20% over the past three decades, largely from losses at the equatorward boundaries of these biologically rich EM zones, may not be fully compensated by poleward shifts in the EM environment due to projected warming and sea ice decline in the twenty-first century. Article in Journal/Newspaper North Atlantic Sea ice Southern Ocean OpenSky (NCAR/UCAR - National Center for Atmospheric Research/University Corporation for Atmospheric Research) Southern Ocean Pacific Journal of Climate 26 11 3935 3952 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
OpenSky (NCAR/UCAR - National Center for Atmospheric Research/University Corporation for Atmospheric Research) |
op_collection_id |
ftncar |
language |
English |
description |
As an additional classification to Köppen’s climate classification for polar (E) climates, the Polar Marine (EM) climate was presented nearly five decades ago and is revisited in this paper. The EM climate was traced to the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Ocean and recognized as wet, cloudy, and windy, especially during winter. These areas by definition are encompassed by monthly mean air temperatures of -6.7°C (20°F) and 10°C (50°F) in the coldest and warmest months of the annual cycle, respectively. Here three global reanalyses [ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), and Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) 25-yr reanalysis (JRA-25)] are used to produce a modern depiction of EM climate. General agreement is found between original and new EM boundaries, for which the poleward boundary can be approximated by the winter sea ice maximum and the equatorward boundary by the warmest month SSTs. Variability of these parameters is shown to largely dictate the EM area. A downward trend in global EM areal extent for 1979-2010 (-42.4 × 109 m2 yr-1) is dominated by the negative Northern Hemisphere (NH) EM trend (-45.7 × 109 m2 yr-1), whereas the Southern Hemisphere (SH) EM areal trend is insignificant. This observed reduction in NH EM areal extent of roughly 20% over the past three decades, largely from losses at the equatorward boundaries of these biologically rich EM zones, may not be fully compensated by poleward shifts in the EM environment due to projected warming and sea ice decline in the twenty-first century. |
author2 |
Ballinger, Thomas (author) Schmidlin, Thomas (author) Steinhoff, Daniel (author) |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
title |
The polar marine climate revisited |
spellingShingle |
The polar marine climate revisited |
title_short |
The polar marine climate revisited |
title_full |
The polar marine climate revisited |
title_fullStr |
The polar marine climate revisited |
title_full_unstemmed |
The polar marine climate revisited |
title_sort |
polar marine climate revisited |
publisher |
American Meteorological Society |
publishDate |
2013 |
url |
http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/collections/OSGC-000-000-018-952 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00660.1 |
geographic |
Southern Ocean Pacific |
geographic_facet |
Southern Ocean Pacific |
genre |
North Atlantic Sea ice Southern Ocean |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic Sea ice Southern Ocean |
op_relation |
Journal of Climate http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/collections/OSGC-000-000-018-952 doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00660.1 ark:/85065/d7js9r84 |
op_rights |
Copyright 2013 American Meteorological Society (AMS). Permission to use figures, tables, and brief excerpts from this work in scientific and educational works is hereby granted provided that the source is acknowledged. Any use of material in this work that is determined to be "fair use" under Section 107 or that satisfies the conditions specified in Section 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law (17 USC, as revised by P.L. 94-553) does not require the Society's permission. Republication, systematic reproduction, posting in electronic form on servers, or other uses of this material, except as exempted by the above statements, requires written permission or license from the AMS. Additional details are provided in the AMS Copyright Policies, available from the AMS at 617-227-2425 or amspubs@ametsoc.org. Permission to place a copy of this work on this server has been provided by the AMS. The AMS does not guarantee that the copy provided here is an accurate copy of the published work. |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00660.1 |
container_title |
Journal of Climate |
container_volume |
26 |
container_issue |
11 |
container_start_page |
3935 |
op_container_end_page |
3952 |
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1772817493723709440 |