Risk effects in Elk (Cervus elaphus) : behavioral and nutritional responses to wolves and environmental conditions

• Main Author: Christianson, David Alan
• Other Authors: Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Scott Creel.
• Format: Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis
• Language: English
• Published: Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture 2008
• Subjects: Elk; Animal behavior; Wolves; Predation (Biology); Feeds; Four Creek; Canis lupus
• Online Access: https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/1076

Until recently, predators have been though to regulate prey primarily through direct predation, in ecosystems where top down effects have been shown to be important. However, experiments and recent empirical observations show that the costs of antipredator responses in individuals that successfully...