Recent distribution of lead in the Indian Ocean reflects the impact of regional emissions
Humans have injected lead (Pb) massively into the earth surface environment in a temporally and spatially evolving pattern. A significant fraction is transported by the atmosphere into the surface ocean where we can observe its transport by ocean currents and sinking particles. This study of the Ind...
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ftmit:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/96305 2023-06-11T04:05:05+02:00 Recent distribution of lead in the Indian Ocean reflects the impact of regional emissions Echegoyen, Yolanda Boyle, Edward A. Lee, Jong-Mi Gamo, Toshitaka Obata, Hajime Norisuye, Kazuhiro Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Boyle, Edward A. Echegoyen, Yolanda Lee, Jong-Mi 2013-10 application/pdf http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/96305 en_US eng National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417370111 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 0027-8424 1091-6490 http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/96305 Echegoyen, Y., E. A. Boyle, J.-M. Lee, T. Gamo, H. Obata, and K. Norisuye. “Recent Distribution of Lead in the Indian Ocean Reflects the Impact of Regional Emissions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 43 (October 13, 2014): 15328–15331. orcid:0000-0002-6394-1866 Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) Article http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle 2013 ftmit https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417370111 2023-05-29T08:28:18Z Humans have injected lead (Pb) massively into the earth surface environment in a temporally and spatially evolving pattern. A significant fraction is transported by the atmosphere into the surface ocean where we can observe its transport by ocean currents and sinking particles. This study of the Indian Ocean documents high Pb concentrations in the northern and tropical surface waters and extremely low Pb levels in the deep water. North of 20°S, dissolved Pb concentrations decrease from 42 to 82 pmol/kg in surface waters to 1.5–3.3 pmol/kg in deep waters. South of 20°S, surface water Pb concentrations decrease from 21 pmol/kg at 31°S to 7 pmol/kg at 62°S. This surface Pb concentration gradient reflects a southward decrease in anthropogenic Pb emissions. The upper waters of the north and central Indian Ocean have high Pb concentrations resulting from recent regional rapid industrialization and a late phase-out of leaded gasoline, and these concentrations are now higher than currently seen in the central North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans. The Antarctic sector of the Indian Ocean shows very low concentrations due to limited regional anthropogenic Pb emissions, high scavenging rates, and rapid vertical mixing, but Pb still occurs at higher levels than would have existed centuries ago. Penetration of Pb into the northern and central Indian Ocean thermocline waters is minimized by limited ventilation. Pb concentrations in the deep Indian Ocean are comparable to the other oceans at the same latitude, and deep waters of the central Indian Ocean match the lowest observed oceanic Pb concentrations. Spain. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Postdoctoral Ministry of Science and Innovation-Fulbright Grant) Singapore. National Research Foundation (Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology. Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling) Steel Foundation for Environmental Protection Technology Japan. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research) Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctic North Atlantic DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Antarctic The Antarctic Pacific Indian Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 43 15328 15331 |
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Open Polar |
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DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) |
op_collection_id |
ftmit |
language |
English |
description |
Humans have injected lead (Pb) massively into the earth surface environment in a temporally and spatially evolving pattern. A significant fraction is transported by the atmosphere into the surface ocean where we can observe its transport by ocean currents and sinking particles. This study of the Indian Ocean documents high Pb concentrations in the northern and tropical surface waters and extremely low Pb levels in the deep water. North of 20°S, dissolved Pb concentrations decrease from 42 to 82 pmol/kg in surface waters to 1.5–3.3 pmol/kg in deep waters. South of 20°S, surface water Pb concentrations decrease from 21 pmol/kg at 31°S to 7 pmol/kg at 62°S. This surface Pb concentration gradient reflects a southward decrease in anthropogenic Pb emissions. The upper waters of the north and central Indian Ocean have high Pb concentrations resulting from recent regional rapid industrialization and a late phase-out of leaded gasoline, and these concentrations are now higher than currently seen in the central North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans. The Antarctic sector of the Indian Ocean shows very low concentrations due to limited regional anthropogenic Pb emissions, high scavenging rates, and rapid vertical mixing, but Pb still occurs at higher levels than would have existed centuries ago. Penetration of Pb into the northern and central Indian Ocean thermocline waters is minimized by limited ventilation. Pb concentrations in the deep Indian Ocean are comparable to the other oceans at the same latitude, and deep waters of the central Indian Ocean match the lowest observed oceanic Pb concentrations. Spain. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Postdoctoral Ministry of Science and Innovation-Fulbright Grant) Singapore. National Research Foundation (Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology. Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling) Steel Foundation for Environmental Protection Technology Japan. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research) |
author2 |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Boyle, Edward A. Echegoyen, Yolanda Lee, Jong-Mi |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Echegoyen, Yolanda Boyle, Edward A. Lee, Jong-Mi Gamo, Toshitaka Obata, Hajime Norisuye, Kazuhiro |
spellingShingle |
Echegoyen, Yolanda Boyle, Edward A. Lee, Jong-Mi Gamo, Toshitaka Obata, Hajime Norisuye, Kazuhiro Recent distribution of lead in the Indian Ocean reflects the impact of regional emissions |
author_facet |
Echegoyen, Yolanda Boyle, Edward A. Lee, Jong-Mi Gamo, Toshitaka Obata, Hajime Norisuye, Kazuhiro |
author_sort |
Echegoyen, Yolanda |
title |
Recent distribution of lead in the Indian Ocean reflects the impact of regional emissions |
title_short |
Recent distribution of lead in the Indian Ocean reflects the impact of regional emissions |
title_full |
Recent distribution of lead in the Indian Ocean reflects the impact of regional emissions |
title_fullStr |
Recent distribution of lead in the Indian Ocean reflects the impact of regional emissions |
title_full_unstemmed |
Recent distribution of lead in the Indian Ocean reflects the impact of regional emissions |
title_sort |
recent distribution of lead in the indian ocean reflects the impact of regional emissions |
publisher |
National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) |
publishDate |
2013 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/96305 |
geographic |
Antarctic The Antarctic Pacific Indian |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic The Antarctic Pacific Indian |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic North Atlantic |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic North Atlantic |
op_source |
National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) |
op_relation |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417370111 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 0027-8424 1091-6490 http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/96305 Echegoyen, Y., E. A. Boyle, J.-M. Lee, T. Gamo, H. Obata, and K. Norisuye. “Recent Distribution of Lead in the Indian Ocean Reflects the Impact of Regional Emissions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 43 (October 13, 2014): 15328–15331. orcid:0000-0002-6394-1866 |
op_rights |
Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417370111 |
container_title |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
container_volume |
111 |
container_issue |
43 |
container_start_page |
15328 |
op_container_end_page |
15331 |
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1768371635992133632 |