On the use of radar altimetry to study the snow of the Antarctic ice-sheet

• Main Author: Lacroix, Pascal
• Other Authors: Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, Frédérique Rémy et Monique Dechambre
• Format: Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis
• Language: French
• Published: HAL CCSD 2007
• Subjects: snow properties; remote sensing; radar altimetry; radar modelling; Antarctic ice-sheet; calotte polaire Antarctique; propriétés de la neige; compaction; télédétection; altimétrie radar; modélisation radar; [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean; Atmosphere; Antarctic; The Antarctic; Antarc*; Antarctique*; Ice Sheet
• Online Access: https://theses.hal.science/tel-00216105; https://theses.hal.science/tel-00216105/document; https://theses.hal.science/tel-00216105/file/manuscript.pdf

The Antarctic ice-sheet is composed by a thick layer of ice surmounted by firn of up to 100 m thick. For now almost 40 years, the satellite observations provide a great number of information on its topography and some properties of the snow surface. However, the knowledge of its shallow and deeper snowpack properties is still very limited. The snow precipitations are transported and deposed by the wind to form layers. The successive accumulations of snow bury the snow layers, which are modified under the temperature and pressure conditions. Yet, the accumulation rate or the snow grain size are important climate indicators, not well known, whom signatures are contained in the near-surface observations. Since 2002, the ENVISAT satellite provides altimetric data over 80 \% of the Antarctic ice-sheet simultaneously at 2 different frequencies (S band at 3.2 GHz and Ku band at 13.6 GHz). These two waves penetrate into the snowpack over several meters and are reflected differently by its different elements, depending on the frequency. The idea of this thesis is therefore to use the dual frequency information to retrieve properties of the snowpack. We solve this problematic by an analysis and a modelling of the dual frequency altimetric signal over the ice-sheet, and then by its inversion. We focus first on different case studies to estimate the sensitivity of these signals to different properties of the snow: i/ the altimetric signal is sensitive to the snow surface roughness at different scales, ii/ the altimetric signal varies seasonally under compaction of the near-surface snow, iii/ the radar waves are reflected by deep layers of ice or snow. A model of altimetric signal is developed to compare the two frequency datasets over the whole ice-sheet. The results of the model are used to explain the seasonal variations previously observed. These results provide the first observations of the seasonal compaction of the snowpack. Finally, the snowpack properties are estimated at a global scale over the Antarctic ice-sheet. ...