Of Mice, Cattle, and Men: A Review of the Eco-Epidemiology of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Ballum
In New Zealand (NZ), leptospirosis is a mostly occupational zoonosis, with >66% of the recently notified cases being farm or abattoir workers. Livestock species independently maintain Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo and L. interrogans serovar Pomona, and both are included in livestock va...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2414-6366/6/4/189/ 2023-08-20T04:09:26+02:00 Of Mice, Cattle, and Men: A Review of the Eco-Epidemiology of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Ballum Marie Moinet David A. Wilkinson Danielle Aberdein James C. Russell Emilie Vallée Julie M. Collins-Emerson Cord Heuer Jackie Benschop 2021-10-20 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6040189 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute One Health https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6040189 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease; Volume 6; Issue 4; Pages: 189 disease ecology emerging infectious diseases infectious disease reservoirs liaison host species barrier wildlife–livestock interface Text 2021 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6040189 2023-08-01T03:01:05Z In New Zealand (NZ), leptospirosis is a mostly occupational zoonosis, with >66% of the recently notified cases being farm or abattoir workers. Livestock species independently maintain Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo and L. interrogans serovar Pomona, and both are included in livestock vaccines. The increasing importance in human cases of Ballum, a serovar associated with wildlife, suggests that wildlife may be an overlooked source of infection. Livestock could also act as bridge hosts for humans. Drawing from disease ecology frameworks, we chose five barriers to include in this review based on the hypothesis that cattle act as bridge hosts for Ballum. Using a narrative methodology, we collated published studies pertaining to (a) the distribution and abundance of potential wild maintenance hosts of Ballum, (b) the infection dynamics (prevalence and pathogenesis) in those same hosts, (c) Ballum shedding and survival in the environment, (d) the exposure and competency of cattle as a potential bridge host, and (e) exposure for humans as a target host of Ballum. Mice (Mus musculus), rats (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus) and hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) were suspected as maintenance hosts of Ballum in NZ in studies conducted in the 1970s–1980s. These introduced species are distributed throughout NZ, and are present on pastures. The role of other wildlife in Ballum (and more broadly Leptospira) transmission remains poorly defined, and has not been thoroughly investigated in NZ. The experimental and natural Ballum infection of cattle suggest a low pathogenicity and the possibility of shedding. The seroprevalence in cattle appears higher in recent serosurveys (3 to 14%) compared with studies from the 1970s (0 to 3%). This review identifies gaps in the knowledge of Ballum, and highlights cattle as a potential spillover host. Further studies are required to ascertain the role that wild and domestic species may play in the eco-epidemiology of Ballum in order to understand its survival in the environment, and to ... Text Rattus rattus MDPI Open Access Publishing New Zealand Pomona ENVELOPE(-45.900,-45.900,-60.583,-60.583) Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6 4 189 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
MDPI Open Access Publishing |
op_collection_id |
ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
disease ecology emerging infectious diseases infectious disease reservoirs liaison host species barrier wildlife–livestock interface |
spellingShingle |
disease ecology emerging infectious diseases infectious disease reservoirs liaison host species barrier wildlife–livestock interface Marie Moinet David A. Wilkinson Danielle Aberdein James C. Russell Emilie Vallée Julie M. Collins-Emerson Cord Heuer Jackie Benschop Of Mice, Cattle, and Men: A Review of the Eco-Epidemiology of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Ballum |
topic_facet |
disease ecology emerging infectious diseases infectious disease reservoirs liaison host species barrier wildlife–livestock interface |
description |
In New Zealand (NZ), leptospirosis is a mostly occupational zoonosis, with >66% of the recently notified cases being farm or abattoir workers. Livestock species independently maintain Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo and L. interrogans serovar Pomona, and both are included in livestock vaccines. The increasing importance in human cases of Ballum, a serovar associated with wildlife, suggests that wildlife may be an overlooked source of infection. Livestock could also act as bridge hosts for humans. Drawing from disease ecology frameworks, we chose five barriers to include in this review based on the hypothesis that cattle act as bridge hosts for Ballum. Using a narrative methodology, we collated published studies pertaining to (a) the distribution and abundance of potential wild maintenance hosts of Ballum, (b) the infection dynamics (prevalence and pathogenesis) in those same hosts, (c) Ballum shedding and survival in the environment, (d) the exposure and competency of cattle as a potential bridge host, and (e) exposure for humans as a target host of Ballum. Mice (Mus musculus), rats (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus) and hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) were suspected as maintenance hosts of Ballum in NZ in studies conducted in the 1970s–1980s. These introduced species are distributed throughout NZ, and are present on pastures. The role of other wildlife in Ballum (and more broadly Leptospira) transmission remains poorly defined, and has not been thoroughly investigated in NZ. The experimental and natural Ballum infection of cattle suggest a low pathogenicity and the possibility of shedding. The seroprevalence in cattle appears higher in recent serosurveys (3 to 14%) compared with studies from the 1970s (0 to 3%). This review identifies gaps in the knowledge of Ballum, and highlights cattle as a potential spillover host. Further studies are required to ascertain the role that wild and domestic species may play in the eco-epidemiology of Ballum in order to understand its survival in the environment, and to ... |
format |
Text |
author |
Marie Moinet David A. Wilkinson Danielle Aberdein James C. Russell Emilie Vallée Julie M. Collins-Emerson Cord Heuer Jackie Benschop |
author_facet |
Marie Moinet David A. Wilkinson Danielle Aberdein James C. Russell Emilie Vallée Julie M. Collins-Emerson Cord Heuer Jackie Benschop |
author_sort |
Marie Moinet |
title |
Of Mice, Cattle, and Men: A Review of the Eco-Epidemiology of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Ballum |
title_short |
Of Mice, Cattle, and Men: A Review of the Eco-Epidemiology of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Ballum |
title_full |
Of Mice, Cattle, and Men: A Review of the Eco-Epidemiology of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Ballum |
title_fullStr |
Of Mice, Cattle, and Men: A Review of the Eco-Epidemiology of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Ballum |
title_full_unstemmed |
Of Mice, Cattle, and Men: A Review of the Eco-Epidemiology of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Ballum |
title_sort |
of mice, cattle, and men: a review of the eco-epidemiology of leptospira borgpetersenii serovar ballum |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6040189 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-45.900,-45.900,-60.583,-60.583) |
geographic |
New Zealand Pomona |
geographic_facet |
New Zealand Pomona |
genre |
Rattus rattus |
genre_facet |
Rattus rattus |
op_source |
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease; Volume 6; Issue 4; Pages: 189 |
op_relation |
One Health https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6040189 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6040189 |
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Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |
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4 |
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189 |
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