Confocal and Electron Microscopic Structure of the Cornea from Three Species of Penguin
Corneal confocal microscopy has not previously been performed in penguins, despite recognition of its unusually flat shape. To identify features that the penguin shares with other birds and or mammals and those specific to penguins, we undertook confocal microscopic examination of two little (Eudypt...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2411-5150/7/1/4/ 2023-08-20T04:06:38+02:00 Confocal and Electron Microscopic Structure of the Cornea from Three Species of Penguin Peter W. Hadden Akilesh Gokul Satya Amirapu Ratish Kurian Charles N. J. McGhee Jie Zhang 2023-01-03 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/vision7010004 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision7010004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Vision; Volume 7; Issue 1; Pages: 4 king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus little penguin Eudyptula minor gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua confocal microscopy electron microscopy cornea Text 2023 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/vision7010004 2023-08-01T08:07:00Z Corneal confocal microscopy has not previously been performed in penguins, despite recognition of its unusually flat shape. To identify features that the penguin shares with other birds and or mammals and those specific to penguins, we undertook confocal microscopic examination of two little (Eudyptula minor), four gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) and five king (Aptenodytes patagonicus) penguin corneas. Transmission electron microscopy was performed on one gentoo and one king penguin, for finer details. Features shared with other higher vertebrates included a five-layered cornea and a similar limbus. Typically avian were a lower density of stromal cells, a more regular arrangement of collagen bands and an absent basal nerve plexus. Features unique to penguins included a flattened superficial epithelium (king penguin), stromal myofibroblasts (all) and an irregular endothelium (little penguin). Other features uniquely identified by confocal microscopy in birds include epithelial and stromal nerves, guttata and stromal imprints on Descemet’s membrane. Transmission electron microscopy identified a lack of wing cells (king penguin), greater posterior collagen lamellae thickness (gentoo penguin) and significantly less interlacing of collagen lamellae in the central cornea (king and gentoo). Most of these unique features are yet to be explained, but some could be adaptations to diving. Text Gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua MDPI Open Access Publishing Vision 7 1 4 |
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English |
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king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus little penguin Eudyptula minor gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua confocal microscopy electron microscopy cornea |
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king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus little penguin Eudyptula minor gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua confocal microscopy electron microscopy cornea Peter W. Hadden Akilesh Gokul Satya Amirapu Ratish Kurian Charles N. J. McGhee Jie Zhang Confocal and Electron Microscopic Structure of the Cornea from Three Species of Penguin |
topic_facet |
king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus little penguin Eudyptula minor gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua confocal microscopy electron microscopy cornea |
description |
Corneal confocal microscopy has not previously been performed in penguins, despite recognition of its unusually flat shape. To identify features that the penguin shares with other birds and or mammals and those specific to penguins, we undertook confocal microscopic examination of two little (Eudyptula minor), four gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) and five king (Aptenodytes patagonicus) penguin corneas. Transmission electron microscopy was performed on one gentoo and one king penguin, for finer details. Features shared with other higher vertebrates included a five-layered cornea and a similar limbus. Typically avian were a lower density of stromal cells, a more regular arrangement of collagen bands and an absent basal nerve plexus. Features unique to penguins included a flattened superficial epithelium (king penguin), stromal myofibroblasts (all) and an irregular endothelium (little penguin). Other features uniquely identified by confocal microscopy in birds include epithelial and stromal nerves, guttata and stromal imprints on Descemet’s membrane. Transmission electron microscopy identified a lack of wing cells (king penguin), greater posterior collagen lamellae thickness (gentoo penguin) and significantly less interlacing of collagen lamellae in the central cornea (king and gentoo). Most of these unique features are yet to be explained, but some could be adaptations to diving. |
format |
Text |
author |
Peter W. Hadden Akilesh Gokul Satya Amirapu Ratish Kurian Charles N. J. McGhee Jie Zhang |
author_facet |
Peter W. Hadden Akilesh Gokul Satya Amirapu Ratish Kurian Charles N. J. McGhee Jie Zhang |
author_sort |
Peter W. Hadden |
title |
Confocal and Electron Microscopic Structure of the Cornea from Three Species of Penguin |
title_short |
Confocal and Electron Microscopic Structure of the Cornea from Three Species of Penguin |
title_full |
Confocal and Electron Microscopic Structure of the Cornea from Three Species of Penguin |
title_fullStr |
Confocal and Electron Microscopic Structure of the Cornea from Three Species of Penguin |
title_full_unstemmed |
Confocal and Electron Microscopic Structure of the Cornea from Three Species of Penguin |
title_sort |
confocal and electron microscopic structure of the cornea from three species of penguin |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/vision7010004 |
genre |
Gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua |
genre_facet |
Gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua |
op_source |
Vision; Volume 7; Issue 1; Pages: 4 |
op_relation |
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision7010004 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/vision7010004 |
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Vision |
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