Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective
Environmental challenges related to open sea cage production of Atlantic salmon have sparked interest in developing commercial-scale semi-closed sea systems for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (100–1000 g). Determining the mass-specific water flow required by post-smolts will largely influence the design...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2410-3888/8/6/285/ 2023-08-20T04:05:17+02:00 Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective Sara Calabrese Albert K. D. Imsland Tom Ole Nilsen Jelena Kolarevic Lars O. E. Ebbesson Camilla Diesen Hosfeld Sveinung Fivelstad Cindy Pedrosa Bendik Fyhn Terjesen Sigurd O. Stefansson Harald Takle Harald Sveier Frode Mathisen Sigurd O. Handeland agris 2023-05-26 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Sustainable Aquaculture https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Fishes; Volume 8; Issue 6; Pages: 285 fish welfare closed-containment aquaculture systems water quality specific water flow Text 2023 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 2023-08-01T10:14:25Z Environmental challenges related to open sea cage production of Atlantic salmon have sparked interest in developing commercial-scale semi-closed sea systems for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (100–1000 g). Determining the mass-specific water flow required by post-smolts will largely influence the design and dimensioning of such systems. In this experiment, post-smolts were exposed to four levels of specific water flow: 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 L kg fish−1 min−1. All treatments involved flow-through seawater with full oxygenation, a salinity of 34‰, and a mean temperature of 9.3 °C. The stocking density was kept stable at 75 kg m−3. Water pH decreased with reduced flow, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in the water increased. The increase in water CO2 was reflected in the blood with increased pCO2, HCO3−, and decreased Cl− in the lowest water flow treatment (0.2 L kg fish−1 min−1), indicating a typical regulatory response to increased water CO2 over the eight-week experimental period. No negative effects on osmoregulation, external macroscopic welfare, or performance indicators were observed, suggesting that within the time period of this experiment, post-smolts can compensate for reductions in water flow down to 0.2 L kg fish−1 min−1. However, to avoid activating and exhausting potentially energy-costly physiological regulatory mechanisms, it is suggested to keep specific water flow above 0.3 L kg fish−1 min−1 in large-scale operations with semi-closed sea systems at intermediate temperatures. Text Atlantic salmon Salmo salar MDPI Open Access Publishing Fishes 8 6 285 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
MDPI Open Access Publishing |
op_collection_id |
ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
fish welfare closed-containment aquaculture systems water quality specific water flow |
spellingShingle |
fish welfare closed-containment aquaculture systems water quality specific water flow Sara Calabrese Albert K. D. Imsland Tom Ole Nilsen Jelena Kolarevic Lars O. E. Ebbesson Camilla Diesen Hosfeld Sveinung Fivelstad Cindy Pedrosa Bendik Fyhn Terjesen Sigurd O. Stefansson Harald Takle Harald Sveier Frode Mathisen Sigurd O. Handeland Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
topic_facet |
fish welfare closed-containment aquaculture systems water quality specific water flow |
description |
Environmental challenges related to open sea cage production of Atlantic salmon have sparked interest in developing commercial-scale semi-closed sea systems for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (100–1000 g). Determining the mass-specific water flow required by post-smolts will largely influence the design and dimensioning of such systems. In this experiment, post-smolts were exposed to four levels of specific water flow: 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 L kg fish−1 min−1. All treatments involved flow-through seawater with full oxygenation, a salinity of 34‰, and a mean temperature of 9.3 °C. The stocking density was kept stable at 75 kg m−3. Water pH decreased with reduced flow, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in the water increased. The increase in water CO2 was reflected in the blood with increased pCO2, HCO3−, and decreased Cl− in the lowest water flow treatment (0.2 L kg fish−1 min−1), indicating a typical regulatory response to increased water CO2 over the eight-week experimental period. No negative effects on osmoregulation, external macroscopic welfare, or performance indicators were observed, suggesting that within the time period of this experiment, post-smolts can compensate for reductions in water flow down to 0.2 L kg fish−1 min−1. However, to avoid activating and exhausting potentially energy-costly physiological regulatory mechanisms, it is suggested to keep specific water flow above 0.3 L kg fish−1 min−1 in large-scale operations with semi-closed sea systems at intermediate temperatures. |
format |
Text |
author |
Sara Calabrese Albert K. D. Imsland Tom Ole Nilsen Jelena Kolarevic Lars O. E. Ebbesson Camilla Diesen Hosfeld Sveinung Fivelstad Cindy Pedrosa Bendik Fyhn Terjesen Sigurd O. Stefansson Harald Takle Harald Sveier Frode Mathisen Sigurd O. Handeland |
author_facet |
Sara Calabrese Albert K. D. Imsland Tom Ole Nilsen Jelena Kolarevic Lars O. E. Ebbesson Camilla Diesen Hosfeld Sveinung Fivelstad Cindy Pedrosa Bendik Fyhn Terjesen Sigurd O. Stefansson Harald Takle Harald Sveier Frode Mathisen Sigurd O. Handeland |
author_sort |
Sara Calabrese |
title |
Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
title_short |
Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
title_full |
Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
title_fullStr |
Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
title_full_unstemmed |
Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
title_sort |
water flow requirements of post-smolt atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) reared in intensive seawater flow-through systems: a physiological perspective |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 |
op_coverage |
agris |
genre |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
genre_facet |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
op_source |
Fishes; Volume 8; Issue 6; Pages: 285 |
op_relation |
Sustainable Aquaculture https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 |
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Fishes |
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8 |
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6 |
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285 |
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