White-Tailed Eagles’ (Haliaeetus albicilla) Exposure to Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Causes of Poisoning in Poland (2018–2020)
The white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is strictly protected in Poland due to its threat of extinction. This study’s main goal was to assess their exposure to indirect poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides (AR). This study presents the investigation results of 40 white-tailed eagles’ suspec...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2305-6304/10/2/63/ 2023-08-20T04:07:01+02:00 White-Tailed Eagles’ (Haliaeetus albicilla) Exposure to Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Causes of Poisoning in Poland (2018–2020) Bartosz Sell Tomasz Śniegocki Marta Giergiel Andrzej Posyniak agris 2022-02-01 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020063 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Ecotoxicology https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020063 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Toxics; Volume 10; Issue 2; Pages: 63 anticoagulant rodenticides poisoning Poland birds of prey white-tailed eagle Text 2022 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020063 2023-08-01T04:02:18Z The white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is strictly protected in Poland due to its threat of extinction. This study’s main goal was to assess their exposure to indirect poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides (AR). This study presents the investigation results of 40 white-tailed eagles’ suspected poisoning cases in the years 2018–2020 in Poland. In all tested liver samples, using a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method, at least one of the AR (bromadiolone, brodifacoum, difenacoum, flocoumafen) was detected and confirmed. The other tested AR compounds (chlorophacinone, coumachlor, coumatetralyl, difethialone, diphacinone, warfarin) were not detected. The mean concentration of the sum of rodenticides was 174.4 µg/kg (from 2.5 to 1225.0 µg/kg). In 20 cases, the sum concentration was above 100 µg/kg and in 10 cases it was above 200 µg/kg. Interpretation of cases of AR poisonings should take into account their concentration in the liver, anatomopathological lesions, circumstances of death/finding of the animal, and elimination of other possible causes of poisoning. Based on this study, AR was the direct cause of death in 10% of incidents. Extensive use of rodenticides generates a high risk of poisonings of white-tailed eagles in Poland. Text Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed eagle MDPI Open Access Publishing Toxics 10 2 63 |
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Open Polar |
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MDPI Open Access Publishing |
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ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
anticoagulant rodenticides poisoning Poland birds of prey white-tailed eagle |
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anticoagulant rodenticides poisoning Poland birds of prey white-tailed eagle Bartosz Sell Tomasz Śniegocki Marta Giergiel Andrzej Posyniak White-Tailed Eagles’ (Haliaeetus albicilla) Exposure to Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Causes of Poisoning in Poland (2018–2020) |
topic_facet |
anticoagulant rodenticides poisoning Poland birds of prey white-tailed eagle |
description |
The white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is strictly protected in Poland due to its threat of extinction. This study’s main goal was to assess their exposure to indirect poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides (AR). This study presents the investigation results of 40 white-tailed eagles’ suspected poisoning cases in the years 2018–2020 in Poland. In all tested liver samples, using a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method, at least one of the AR (bromadiolone, brodifacoum, difenacoum, flocoumafen) was detected and confirmed. The other tested AR compounds (chlorophacinone, coumachlor, coumatetralyl, difethialone, diphacinone, warfarin) were not detected. The mean concentration of the sum of rodenticides was 174.4 µg/kg (from 2.5 to 1225.0 µg/kg). In 20 cases, the sum concentration was above 100 µg/kg and in 10 cases it was above 200 µg/kg. Interpretation of cases of AR poisonings should take into account their concentration in the liver, anatomopathological lesions, circumstances of death/finding of the animal, and elimination of other possible causes of poisoning. Based on this study, AR was the direct cause of death in 10% of incidents. Extensive use of rodenticides generates a high risk of poisonings of white-tailed eagles in Poland. |
format |
Text |
author |
Bartosz Sell Tomasz Śniegocki Marta Giergiel Andrzej Posyniak |
author_facet |
Bartosz Sell Tomasz Śniegocki Marta Giergiel Andrzej Posyniak |
author_sort |
Bartosz Sell |
title |
White-Tailed Eagles’ (Haliaeetus albicilla) Exposure to Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Causes of Poisoning in Poland (2018–2020) |
title_short |
White-Tailed Eagles’ (Haliaeetus albicilla) Exposure to Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Causes of Poisoning in Poland (2018–2020) |
title_full |
White-Tailed Eagles’ (Haliaeetus albicilla) Exposure to Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Causes of Poisoning in Poland (2018–2020) |
title_fullStr |
White-Tailed Eagles’ (Haliaeetus albicilla) Exposure to Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Causes of Poisoning in Poland (2018–2020) |
title_full_unstemmed |
White-Tailed Eagles’ (Haliaeetus albicilla) Exposure to Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Causes of Poisoning in Poland (2018–2020) |
title_sort |
white-tailed eagles’ (haliaeetus albicilla) exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides and causes of poisoning in poland (2018–2020) |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020063 |
op_coverage |
agris |
genre |
Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed eagle |
genre_facet |
Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed eagle |
op_source |
Toxics; Volume 10; Issue 2; Pages: 63 |
op_relation |
Ecotoxicology https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020063 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020063 |
container_title |
Toxics |
container_volume |
10 |
container_issue |
2 |
container_start_page |
63 |
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1774718420744404992 |