Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders (Somateriamollissima) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products
The Baltic and North Seas still contain large amounts of dumped munitions from both World Wars. The exposure of the munition shells to the seawater causes corrosion, which leads to the disintegration of shells and a leakage of energetic compounds, including the highly toxic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TN...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2305-6304/10/11/685/ 2023-08-20T04:05:58+02:00 Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders (Somateriamollissima) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products Luca Aroha Schick Jennifer Susanne Strehse Tobias Hartwig Bünning Edmund Maser Ursula Siebert agris 2022-11-12 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110685 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Ecotoxicology https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110685 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Toxics; Volume 10; Issue 11; Pages: 685 dumped munitions TNT toxicity food chain Common Eider marine environment Text 2022 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110685 2023-08-01T07:19:11Z The Baltic and North Seas still contain large amounts of dumped munitions from both World Wars. The exposure of the munition shells to the seawater causes corrosion, which leads to the disintegration of shells and a leakage of energetic compounds, including the highly toxic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and consequently threatening the marine environment. To evaluate the risk of accumulation of energetic compounds from conventional munitions in the marine food chain, we analyzed the presence of TNT and its metabolites 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) as well as their byproducts 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) in different tissues (including muscle, liver, kidney, brain, and bile) from 25 Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) from the Danish Baltic Sea. Tissues were prepared according to approved protocols, followed by GC-MS/MS analysis. None of the aforementioned energetic compounds were detected in any of the samples. This pilot study is one of the first analyzing the presence of explosive chemicals in tissues from a free-ranging predatory species. This study highlights the need for continuous monitoring at different levels of the trophic chain to increase our knowledge on the distribution and possible accumulation of energetic compounds in the marine environment in order to provide reliable data for decision-making tools and risk assessments. Text Common Eider Somateria mollissima MDPI Open Access Publishing Toxics 10 11 685 |
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Open Polar |
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MDPI Open Access Publishing |
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ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
dumped munitions TNT toxicity food chain Common Eider marine environment |
spellingShingle |
dumped munitions TNT toxicity food chain Common Eider marine environment Luca Aroha Schick Jennifer Susanne Strehse Tobias Hartwig Bünning Edmund Maser Ursula Siebert Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders (Somateriamollissima) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products |
topic_facet |
dumped munitions TNT toxicity food chain Common Eider marine environment |
description |
The Baltic and North Seas still contain large amounts of dumped munitions from both World Wars. The exposure of the munition shells to the seawater causes corrosion, which leads to the disintegration of shells and a leakage of energetic compounds, including the highly toxic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and consequently threatening the marine environment. To evaluate the risk of accumulation of energetic compounds from conventional munitions in the marine food chain, we analyzed the presence of TNT and its metabolites 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) as well as their byproducts 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) in different tissues (including muscle, liver, kidney, brain, and bile) from 25 Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) from the Danish Baltic Sea. Tissues were prepared according to approved protocols, followed by GC-MS/MS analysis. None of the aforementioned energetic compounds were detected in any of the samples. This pilot study is one of the first analyzing the presence of explosive chemicals in tissues from a free-ranging predatory species. This study highlights the need for continuous monitoring at different levels of the trophic chain to increase our knowledge on the distribution and possible accumulation of energetic compounds in the marine environment in order to provide reliable data for decision-making tools and risk assessments. |
format |
Text |
author |
Luca Aroha Schick Jennifer Susanne Strehse Tobias Hartwig Bünning Edmund Maser Ursula Siebert |
author_facet |
Luca Aroha Schick Jennifer Susanne Strehse Tobias Hartwig Bünning Edmund Maser Ursula Siebert |
author_sort |
Luca Aroha Schick |
title |
Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders (Somateriamollissima) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products |
title_short |
Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders (Somateriamollissima) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products |
title_full |
Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders (Somateriamollissima) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products |
title_fullStr |
Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders (Somateriamollissima) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products |
title_full_unstemmed |
Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders (Somateriamollissima) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products |
title_sort |
energetic compounds in the trophic chain—a pilot study examining the exposure risk of common eiders (somateriamollissima) to tnt, its metabolites, and by-products |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110685 |
op_coverage |
agris |
genre |
Common Eider Somateria mollissima |
genre_facet |
Common Eider Somateria mollissima |
op_source |
Toxics; Volume 10; Issue 11; Pages: 685 |
op_relation |
Ecotoxicology https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110685 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110685 |
container_title |
Toxics |
container_volume |
10 |
container_issue |
11 |
container_start_page |
685 |
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1774716787067191296 |