Ocean Warming Amplifies the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Skeletal Mineralogy and Microstructure in the Asterinid Starfish Aquilonastra yairi
Ocean acidification and ocean warming compromise the capacity of calcifying marine organisms to generate and maintain their skeletons. While many marine calcifying organisms precipitate low-Mg calcite or aragonite, the skeleton of echinoderms consists of more soluble Mg-calcite. To assess the impact...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2077-1312/10/8/1065/ 2023-08-20T04:08:55+02:00 Ocean Warming Amplifies the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Skeletal Mineralogy and Microstructure in the Asterinid Starfish Aquilonastra yairi Munawar Khalil Steve S. Doo Marleen Stuhr Hildegard Westphal agris 2022-08-03 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081065 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Geological Oceanography https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081065 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Journal of Marine Science and Engineering; Volume 10; Issue 8; Pages: 1065 ocean acidification ocean warming echinoderm starfish mineralogy skeleton biomineralization Text 2022 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081065 2023-08-01T05:56:58Z Ocean acidification and ocean warming compromise the capacity of calcifying marine organisms to generate and maintain their skeletons. While many marine calcifying organisms precipitate low-Mg calcite or aragonite, the skeleton of echinoderms consists of more soluble Mg-calcite. To assess the impact of exposure to elevated temperature and increased pCO2 on the skeleton of echinoderms, in particular the mineralogy and microstructure, the starfish Aquilonastra yairi (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) was exposed for 90 days to simulated ocean warming (27 °C and 32 °C) and ocean acidification (455 µatm, 1052 µatm, 2066 µatm) conditions. The results indicate that temperature is the major factor controlling the skeletal Mg (Mg/Ca ratio and Mgnorm ratio), but not for skeletal Sr (Sr/Ca ratio and Srnorm ratio) and skeletal Ca (Canorm ratio) in A. yairi. Nevertheless, inter-individual variability in skeletal Sr and Ca ratios increased with higher temperature. Elevated pCO2 did not induce any statistically significant element alterations of the skeleton in all treatments over the incubation time, but increased pCO2 concentrations might possess an indirect effect on skeletal mineral ratio alteration. The influence of increased pCO2 was more relevant than that of increased temperature on skeletal microstructures. pCO2 as a sole stressor caused alterations on stereom structure and degradation on the skeletal structure of A. yairi, whereas temperature did not; however, skeletons exposed to elevated pCO2 and high temperature show a strongly altered skeleton structure compared to ambient temperature. These results indicate that ocean warming might exacerbate the skeletal maintaining mechanisms of the starfish in a high pCO2 environment and could potentially modify the morphology and functions of the starfish skeleton. Text Ocean acidification MDPI Open Access Publishing Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10 8 1065 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
MDPI Open Access Publishing |
op_collection_id |
ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
ocean acidification ocean warming echinoderm starfish mineralogy skeleton biomineralization |
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ocean acidification ocean warming echinoderm starfish mineralogy skeleton biomineralization Munawar Khalil Steve S. Doo Marleen Stuhr Hildegard Westphal Ocean Warming Amplifies the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Skeletal Mineralogy and Microstructure in the Asterinid Starfish Aquilonastra yairi |
topic_facet |
ocean acidification ocean warming echinoderm starfish mineralogy skeleton biomineralization |
description |
Ocean acidification and ocean warming compromise the capacity of calcifying marine organisms to generate and maintain their skeletons. While many marine calcifying organisms precipitate low-Mg calcite or aragonite, the skeleton of echinoderms consists of more soluble Mg-calcite. To assess the impact of exposure to elevated temperature and increased pCO2 on the skeleton of echinoderms, in particular the mineralogy and microstructure, the starfish Aquilonastra yairi (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) was exposed for 90 days to simulated ocean warming (27 °C and 32 °C) and ocean acidification (455 µatm, 1052 µatm, 2066 µatm) conditions. The results indicate that temperature is the major factor controlling the skeletal Mg (Mg/Ca ratio and Mgnorm ratio), but not for skeletal Sr (Sr/Ca ratio and Srnorm ratio) and skeletal Ca (Canorm ratio) in A. yairi. Nevertheless, inter-individual variability in skeletal Sr and Ca ratios increased with higher temperature. Elevated pCO2 did not induce any statistically significant element alterations of the skeleton in all treatments over the incubation time, but increased pCO2 concentrations might possess an indirect effect on skeletal mineral ratio alteration. The influence of increased pCO2 was more relevant than that of increased temperature on skeletal microstructures. pCO2 as a sole stressor caused alterations on stereom structure and degradation on the skeletal structure of A. yairi, whereas temperature did not; however, skeletons exposed to elevated pCO2 and high temperature show a strongly altered skeleton structure compared to ambient temperature. These results indicate that ocean warming might exacerbate the skeletal maintaining mechanisms of the starfish in a high pCO2 environment and could potentially modify the morphology and functions of the starfish skeleton. |
format |
Text |
author |
Munawar Khalil Steve S. Doo Marleen Stuhr Hildegard Westphal |
author_facet |
Munawar Khalil Steve S. Doo Marleen Stuhr Hildegard Westphal |
author_sort |
Munawar Khalil |
title |
Ocean Warming Amplifies the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Skeletal Mineralogy and Microstructure in the Asterinid Starfish Aquilonastra yairi |
title_short |
Ocean Warming Amplifies the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Skeletal Mineralogy and Microstructure in the Asterinid Starfish Aquilonastra yairi |
title_full |
Ocean Warming Amplifies the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Skeletal Mineralogy and Microstructure in the Asterinid Starfish Aquilonastra yairi |
title_fullStr |
Ocean Warming Amplifies the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Skeletal Mineralogy and Microstructure in the Asterinid Starfish Aquilonastra yairi |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ocean Warming Amplifies the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Skeletal Mineralogy and Microstructure in the Asterinid Starfish Aquilonastra yairi |
title_sort |
ocean warming amplifies the effects of ocean acidification on skeletal mineralogy and microstructure in the asterinid starfish aquilonastra yairi |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081065 |
op_coverage |
agris |
genre |
Ocean acidification |
genre_facet |
Ocean acidification |
op_source |
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering; Volume 10; Issue 8; Pages: 1065 |
op_relation |
Geological Oceanography https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081065 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081065 |
container_title |
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
container_volume |
10 |
container_issue |
8 |
container_start_page |
1065 |
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