Liver Antioxidants in Relation to Beak Morphology, Gizzard Size and Diet in the Common Eider Somateria mollissima
Antioxidants in the liver are particularly abundant in capital breeders that rely on stored resources for egg production. Capital breeders like eider (hereafter common eider) Somateria mollissima have disproportionately large livers with low levels of coenzyme Q10 when compared to other bird species...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2076-3921/8/2/31/ 2023-08-20T04:05:57+02:00 Liver Antioxidants in Relation to Beak Morphology, Gizzard Size and Diet in the Common Eider Somateria mollissima Anders Pape Møller Karsten Laursen Filiz Karadas agris 2019-01-31 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020031 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020031 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Antioxidants; Volume 8; Issue 2; Pages: 31 antioxidants α-tocopherol retinol carotenoids coenzyme Q 10 eiders Text 2019 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020031 2023-07-31T22:00:38Z Antioxidants in the liver are particularly abundant in capital breeders that rely on stored resources for egg production. Capital breeders like eider (hereafter common eider) Somateria mollissima have disproportionately large livers with low levels of coenzyme Q10 when compared to other bird species. Concentrations of total carotenoids and vitamin E in the livers of eiders were smaller than predicted for similarly sized bird species. Eiders with high body condition estimated as body mass relative to skeletal body size had high levels of total carotenoids and low levels of coenzyme Q10. The concentration of total carotenoids per gram of liver increased with age, and vitamin E and total carotenoids accumulated during the winter onwards from February to peak at the start of incubation in April. Total vitamin E, total carotenoids, and coenzyme Q10 per gram of liver decreased with increasing beak volume. The size of the empty gizzard increased with increasing liver mass but decreased with total carotenoids and coenzyme Q10. The main components of the diet were blue mussels Mytilus edulis (40%), draft whelk Nassarius reticulatus (27%), and periwinkle Littorina littorea (10%). The concentration of vitamin E increased with the number of razor clams Ensis sp. and draft whelks in the gizzard and the concentration of total carotenoids increased with the number of beach crabs Carcinus maenas. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that eiders are limited in their levels of antioxidants through food limitation. Furthermore, they imply that diet and morphological characters involved in food acquisition and processing are important determinants of the level of antioxidants in the liver. Text Common Eider Somateria mollissima MDPI Open Access Publishing Antioxidants 8 2 31 |
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MDPI Open Access Publishing |
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language |
English |
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antioxidants α-tocopherol retinol carotenoids coenzyme Q 10 eiders |
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antioxidants α-tocopherol retinol carotenoids coenzyme Q 10 eiders Anders Pape Møller Karsten Laursen Filiz Karadas Liver Antioxidants in Relation to Beak Morphology, Gizzard Size and Diet in the Common Eider Somateria mollissima |
topic_facet |
antioxidants α-tocopherol retinol carotenoids coenzyme Q 10 eiders |
description |
Antioxidants in the liver are particularly abundant in capital breeders that rely on stored resources for egg production. Capital breeders like eider (hereafter common eider) Somateria mollissima have disproportionately large livers with low levels of coenzyme Q10 when compared to other bird species. Concentrations of total carotenoids and vitamin E in the livers of eiders were smaller than predicted for similarly sized bird species. Eiders with high body condition estimated as body mass relative to skeletal body size had high levels of total carotenoids and low levels of coenzyme Q10. The concentration of total carotenoids per gram of liver increased with age, and vitamin E and total carotenoids accumulated during the winter onwards from February to peak at the start of incubation in April. Total vitamin E, total carotenoids, and coenzyme Q10 per gram of liver decreased with increasing beak volume. The size of the empty gizzard increased with increasing liver mass but decreased with total carotenoids and coenzyme Q10. The main components of the diet were blue mussels Mytilus edulis (40%), draft whelk Nassarius reticulatus (27%), and periwinkle Littorina littorea (10%). The concentration of vitamin E increased with the number of razor clams Ensis sp. and draft whelks in the gizzard and the concentration of total carotenoids increased with the number of beach crabs Carcinus maenas. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that eiders are limited in their levels of antioxidants through food limitation. Furthermore, they imply that diet and morphological characters involved in food acquisition and processing are important determinants of the level of antioxidants in the liver. |
format |
Text |
author |
Anders Pape Møller Karsten Laursen Filiz Karadas |
author_facet |
Anders Pape Møller Karsten Laursen Filiz Karadas |
author_sort |
Anders Pape Møller |
title |
Liver Antioxidants in Relation to Beak Morphology, Gizzard Size and Diet in the Common Eider Somateria mollissima |
title_short |
Liver Antioxidants in Relation to Beak Morphology, Gizzard Size and Diet in the Common Eider Somateria mollissima |
title_full |
Liver Antioxidants in Relation to Beak Morphology, Gizzard Size and Diet in the Common Eider Somateria mollissima |
title_fullStr |
Liver Antioxidants in Relation to Beak Morphology, Gizzard Size and Diet in the Common Eider Somateria mollissima |
title_full_unstemmed |
Liver Antioxidants in Relation to Beak Morphology, Gizzard Size and Diet in the Common Eider Somateria mollissima |
title_sort |
liver antioxidants in relation to beak morphology, gizzard size and diet in the common eider somateria mollissima |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020031 |
op_coverage |
agris |
genre |
Common Eider Somateria mollissima |
genre_facet |
Common Eider Somateria mollissima |
op_source |
Antioxidants; Volume 8; Issue 2; Pages: 31 |
op_relation |
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020031 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020031 |
container_title |
Antioxidants |
container_volume |
8 |
container_issue |
2 |
container_start_page |
31 |
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