Accuracy of Manual Snow Sampling, Depending on the Sampler’s Cross-Section—A Comparative Study
Snow sampling, either by inserting a tube through the entire snowpack or by taking samples from the vertical profile, is widely applied to measure the snow depth, density, and snow water equivalent (SWE). A comparative study of snow-sampling methods was carried out on 24 March 2022 in Sodankylä, Fin...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2076-3263/13/7/205/ 2023-08-20T04:06:57+02:00 Accuracy of Manual Snow Sampling, Depending on the Sampler’s Cross-Section—A Comparative Study Marko Kaasik Outi Meinander Leena Leppänen Kati Anttila Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova Anders Ginnerup Timo Hampinen Yijing Liu Andri Gunnarsson Kirsty Langley Ali Nadir Arslan agris 2023-07-07 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13070205 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Geophysics https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13070205 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Geosciences; Volume 13; Issue 7; Pages: 205 snow cover snow sampling snow water equivalent tube sampler Text 2023 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13070205 2023-08-01T10:47:15Z Snow sampling, either by inserting a tube through the entire snowpack or by taking samples from the vertical profile, is widely applied to measure the snow depth, density, and snow water equivalent (SWE). A comparative study of snow-sampling methods was carried out on 24 March 2022 in Sodankylä, Finland. Six groups from five countries (Estonia, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, and Sweden) participated, using 12 different snow samplers, including 9 bulk tube samplers and 3 density cutters. The cross-sectional area of the SWE samplers varied from 11 to 100 cm2, while tube length varied from 30 cm to 100 cm. The cross-sectional area of the density profile cutters varied from 100 cm2 to 200 cm2 and the vertical sampling step varied from 5 cm to 10 cm. The samples were taken from snow pits in 55–65-centimeter-deep snow cover in a flat area with sparse pine trees, with the pits at a maximum distance of 10 m from each other. Each tube sampling series consisted of 3–10 vertical columns to ensure statistical validation. The snowpack was relatively soft, with two moderately hard crust layers. The density recorded in the tube sample measurements varied from 218 to 265 kgm−3. The measurement results of SWE, however, varied depending on the sampling equipment used, ranging from 148 to 180 kgm−2, with two outliers of 77 and 106 kgm−2, both with 11 cm2 samplers. Text Greenland Iceland Sodankylä MDPI Open Access Publishing Greenland Sodankylä ENVELOPE(26.600,26.600,67.417,67.417) Geosciences 13 7 205 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
MDPI Open Access Publishing |
op_collection_id |
ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
snow cover snow sampling snow water equivalent tube sampler |
spellingShingle |
snow cover snow sampling snow water equivalent tube sampler Marko Kaasik Outi Meinander Leena Leppänen Kati Anttila Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova Anders Ginnerup Timo Hampinen Yijing Liu Andri Gunnarsson Kirsty Langley Ali Nadir Arslan Accuracy of Manual Snow Sampling, Depending on the Sampler’s Cross-Section—A Comparative Study |
topic_facet |
snow cover snow sampling snow water equivalent tube sampler |
description |
Snow sampling, either by inserting a tube through the entire snowpack or by taking samples from the vertical profile, is widely applied to measure the snow depth, density, and snow water equivalent (SWE). A comparative study of snow-sampling methods was carried out on 24 March 2022 in Sodankylä, Finland. Six groups from five countries (Estonia, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, and Sweden) participated, using 12 different snow samplers, including 9 bulk tube samplers and 3 density cutters. The cross-sectional area of the SWE samplers varied from 11 to 100 cm2, while tube length varied from 30 cm to 100 cm. The cross-sectional area of the density profile cutters varied from 100 cm2 to 200 cm2 and the vertical sampling step varied from 5 cm to 10 cm. The samples were taken from snow pits in 55–65-centimeter-deep snow cover in a flat area with sparse pine trees, with the pits at a maximum distance of 10 m from each other. Each tube sampling series consisted of 3–10 vertical columns to ensure statistical validation. The snowpack was relatively soft, with two moderately hard crust layers. The density recorded in the tube sample measurements varied from 218 to 265 kgm−3. The measurement results of SWE, however, varied depending on the sampling equipment used, ranging from 148 to 180 kgm−2, with two outliers of 77 and 106 kgm−2, both with 11 cm2 samplers. |
format |
Text |
author |
Marko Kaasik Outi Meinander Leena Leppänen Kati Anttila Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova Anders Ginnerup Timo Hampinen Yijing Liu Andri Gunnarsson Kirsty Langley Ali Nadir Arslan |
author_facet |
Marko Kaasik Outi Meinander Leena Leppänen Kati Anttila Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova Anders Ginnerup Timo Hampinen Yijing Liu Andri Gunnarsson Kirsty Langley Ali Nadir Arslan |
author_sort |
Marko Kaasik |
title |
Accuracy of Manual Snow Sampling, Depending on the Sampler’s Cross-Section—A Comparative Study |
title_short |
Accuracy of Manual Snow Sampling, Depending on the Sampler’s Cross-Section—A Comparative Study |
title_full |
Accuracy of Manual Snow Sampling, Depending on the Sampler’s Cross-Section—A Comparative Study |
title_fullStr |
Accuracy of Manual Snow Sampling, Depending on the Sampler’s Cross-Section—A Comparative Study |
title_full_unstemmed |
Accuracy of Manual Snow Sampling, Depending on the Sampler’s Cross-Section—A Comparative Study |
title_sort |
accuracy of manual snow sampling, depending on the sampler’s cross-section—a comparative study |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13070205 |
op_coverage |
agris |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(26.600,26.600,67.417,67.417) |
geographic |
Greenland Sodankylä |
geographic_facet |
Greenland Sodankylä |
genre |
Greenland Iceland Sodankylä |
genre_facet |
Greenland Iceland Sodankylä |
op_source |
Geosciences; Volume 13; Issue 7; Pages: 205 |
op_relation |
Geophysics https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13070205 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13070205 |
container_title |
Geosciences |
container_volume |
13 |
container_issue |
7 |
container_start_page |
205 |
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1774718326000320512 |