Adaptive Responses of the Sea Anemone Heteractis crispa to the Interaction of Acidification and Global Warming
Ocean acidification and warming are two of the most important threats to the existence of marine organisms and are predicted to co-occur in oceans. The present work evaluated the effects of acidification (AC: 24 ± 0.1 °C and 900 μatm CO2), warming (WC: 30 ± 0.1 °C and 450 μatm CO2), and their combin...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2076-2615/12/17/2259/ 2023-08-20T04:08:58+02:00 Adaptive Responses of the Sea Anemone Heteractis crispa to the Interaction of Acidification and Global Warming Yangyang Wu Wenfei Tian Chunxing Chen Quanqing Ye Liu Yang Jiaoyun Jiang agris 2022-08-31 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172259 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Aquatic Animals https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12172259 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Animals; Volume 12; Issue 17; Pages: 2259 Heteractis crispa Symbiodiniaceae p CO 2 heat stress cholesterol Text 2022 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172259 2023-08-01T06:17:50Z Ocean acidification and warming are two of the most important threats to the existence of marine organisms and are predicted to co-occur in oceans. The present work evaluated the effects of acidification (AC: 24 ± 0.1 °C and 900 μatm CO2), warming (WC: 30 ± 0.1 °C and 450 μatm CO2), and their combination (CC: 30 ± 0.1 °C and 900 μatm CO2) on the sea anemone, Heteractis crispa, from the aspects of photosynthetic apparatus (maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PS II), chlorophyll level, and Symbiodiniaceae density) and sterol metabolism (cholesterol content and total sterol content). In a 15-day experiment, acidification alone had no apparent effect on the photosynthetic apparatus, but did affect sterol levels. Upregulation of their chlorophyll level is an important strategy for symbionts to adapt to high partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2). However, after warming stress, the benefits of high pCO2 had little effect on stress tolerance in H. crispa. Indeed, thermal stress was the dominant driver of the deteriorating health of H. crispa. Cholesterol and total sterol contents were significantly affected by all three stress conditions, although there was no significant change in the AC group on day 3. Thus, cholesterol or sterol levels could be used as important indicators to evaluate the impact of climate change on cnidarians. Our findings suggest that H. crispa might be relatively insensitive to the impact of ocean acidification, whereas increased temperature in the future ocean might impair viability of H. crispa. Text Ocean acidification MDPI Open Access Publishing Animals 12 17 2259 |
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Heteractis crispa Symbiodiniaceae p CO 2 heat stress cholesterol |
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Heteractis crispa Symbiodiniaceae p CO 2 heat stress cholesterol Yangyang Wu Wenfei Tian Chunxing Chen Quanqing Ye Liu Yang Jiaoyun Jiang Adaptive Responses of the Sea Anemone Heteractis crispa to the Interaction of Acidification and Global Warming |
topic_facet |
Heteractis crispa Symbiodiniaceae p CO 2 heat stress cholesterol |
description |
Ocean acidification and warming are two of the most important threats to the existence of marine organisms and are predicted to co-occur in oceans. The present work evaluated the effects of acidification (AC: 24 ± 0.1 °C and 900 μatm CO2), warming (WC: 30 ± 0.1 °C and 450 μatm CO2), and their combination (CC: 30 ± 0.1 °C and 900 μatm CO2) on the sea anemone, Heteractis crispa, from the aspects of photosynthetic apparatus (maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PS II), chlorophyll level, and Symbiodiniaceae density) and sterol metabolism (cholesterol content and total sterol content). In a 15-day experiment, acidification alone had no apparent effect on the photosynthetic apparatus, but did affect sterol levels. Upregulation of their chlorophyll level is an important strategy for symbionts to adapt to high partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2). However, after warming stress, the benefits of high pCO2 had little effect on stress tolerance in H. crispa. Indeed, thermal stress was the dominant driver of the deteriorating health of H. crispa. Cholesterol and total sterol contents were significantly affected by all three stress conditions, although there was no significant change in the AC group on day 3. Thus, cholesterol or sterol levels could be used as important indicators to evaluate the impact of climate change on cnidarians. Our findings suggest that H. crispa might be relatively insensitive to the impact of ocean acidification, whereas increased temperature in the future ocean might impair viability of H. crispa. |
format |
Text |
author |
Yangyang Wu Wenfei Tian Chunxing Chen Quanqing Ye Liu Yang Jiaoyun Jiang |
author_facet |
Yangyang Wu Wenfei Tian Chunxing Chen Quanqing Ye Liu Yang Jiaoyun Jiang |
author_sort |
Yangyang Wu |
title |
Adaptive Responses of the Sea Anemone Heteractis crispa to the Interaction of Acidification and Global Warming |
title_short |
Adaptive Responses of the Sea Anemone Heteractis crispa to the Interaction of Acidification and Global Warming |
title_full |
Adaptive Responses of the Sea Anemone Heteractis crispa to the Interaction of Acidification and Global Warming |
title_fullStr |
Adaptive Responses of the Sea Anemone Heteractis crispa to the Interaction of Acidification and Global Warming |
title_full_unstemmed |
Adaptive Responses of the Sea Anemone Heteractis crispa to the Interaction of Acidification and Global Warming |
title_sort |
adaptive responses of the sea anemone heteractis crispa to the interaction of acidification and global warming |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172259 |
op_coverage |
agris |
genre |
Ocean acidification |
genre_facet |
Ocean acidification |
op_source |
Animals; Volume 12; Issue 17; Pages: 2259 |
op_relation |
Aquatic Animals https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12172259 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172259 |
container_title |
Animals |
container_volume |
12 |
container_issue |
17 |
container_start_page |
2259 |
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1774721575170342912 |