Microbial Diversity in the Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere of an Apple Orchard Managed under Prolonged “Natural Farming” Practices
Microbial diversity in an apple orchard cultivated with natural farming practices for over 30 years was compared with conventionally farmed orchards to analyze differences in disease suppression. In this long-term naturally farmed orchard, major apple diseases were more severe than in conventional o...
Published in: | Microorganisms |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format: | Text |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
2021
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102056 |
id |
ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2076-2607/9/10/2056/ |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2076-2607/9/10/2056/ 2023-08-20T04:06:06+02:00 Microbial Diversity in the Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere of an Apple Orchard Managed under Prolonged “Natural Farming” Practices Ying-Hong He Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama Tsutae Ito Asuka Shirakawa Hideki Yamamoto Akiko Kashiwagi Ayumu Tatewaki Misato Fujibayashi Shuichi Sugiyama Katsuhiko Yaginuma Tomoya Akahira Shingen Yamamoto Seiya Tsushima Yuko Matsushita Teruo Sano agris 2021-09-29 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102056 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Environmental Microbiology https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102056 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Microorganisms; Volume 9; Issue 10; Pages: 2056 microbial diversity phyllosphere rhizosphere macroarray high-throughput sequencing natural apple farming suppression of disease metagenome Text 2021 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102056 2023-08-01T02:49:44Z Microbial diversity in an apple orchard cultivated with natural farming practices for over 30 years was compared with conventionally farmed orchards to analyze differences in disease suppression. In this long-term naturally farmed orchard, major apple diseases were more severe than in conventional orchards but milder than in a short-term natural farming orchard. Among major fungal species in the phyllosphere, we found that Aureobasidium pullulans and Cryptococcus victoriae were significantly less abundant in long-term natural farming, while Cladosporium tenuissimum predominated. However, diversity of fungal species in the phyllosphere was not necessarily the main determinant in the disease suppression observed in natural farming; instead, the maintenance of a balanced, constant selection of fungal species under a suitable predominant species such as C. tenuissimum seemed to be the important factors. Analysis of bacteria in the phyllosphere revealed Pseudomonas graminis, a potential inducer of plant defenses, predominated in long-term natural farming in August. Rhizosphere metagenome analysis showed that Cordyceps and Arthrobotrys, fungal genera are known to include insect- or nematode-infecting species, were found only in long-term natural farming. Among soil bacteria, the genus Nitrospira was most abundant, and its level in long-term natural farming was more than double that in the conventionally farmed orchard. Text Cryptococcus victoriae MDPI Open Access Publishing Microorganisms 9 10 2056 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
MDPI Open Access Publishing |
op_collection_id |
ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
microbial diversity phyllosphere rhizosphere macroarray high-throughput sequencing natural apple farming suppression of disease metagenome |
spellingShingle |
microbial diversity phyllosphere rhizosphere macroarray high-throughput sequencing natural apple farming suppression of disease metagenome Ying-Hong He Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama Tsutae Ito Asuka Shirakawa Hideki Yamamoto Akiko Kashiwagi Ayumu Tatewaki Misato Fujibayashi Shuichi Sugiyama Katsuhiko Yaginuma Tomoya Akahira Shingen Yamamoto Seiya Tsushima Yuko Matsushita Teruo Sano Microbial Diversity in the Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere of an Apple Orchard Managed under Prolonged “Natural Farming” Practices |
topic_facet |
microbial diversity phyllosphere rhizosphere macroarray high-throughput sequencing natural apple farming suppression of disease metagenome |
description |
Microbial diversity in an apple orchard cultivated with natural farming practices for over 30 years was compared with conventionally farmed orchards to analyze differences in disease suppression. In this long-term naturally farmed orchard, major apple diseases were more severe than in conventional orchards but milder than in a short-term natural farming orchard. Among major fungal species in the phyllosphere, we found that Aureobasidium pullulans and Cryptococcus victoriae were significantly less abundant in long-term natural farming, while Cladosporium tenuissimum predominated. However, diversity of fungal species in the phyllosphere was not necessarily the main determinant in the disease suppression observed in natural farming; instead, the maintenance of a balanced, constant selection of fungal species under a suitable predominant species such as C. tenuissimum seemed to be the important factors. Analysis of bacteria in the phyllosphere revealed Pseudomonas graminis, a potential inducer of plant defenses, predominated in long-term natural farming in August. Rhizosphere metagenome analysis showed that Cordyceps and Arthrobotrys, fungal genera are known to include insect- or nematode-infecting species, were found only in long-term natural farming. Among soil bacteria, the genus Nitrospira was most abundant, and its level in long-term natural farming was more than double that in the conventionally farmed orchard. |
format |
Text |
author |
Ying-Hong He Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama Tsutae Ito Asuka Shirakawa Hideki Yamamoto Akiko Kashiwagi Ayumu Tatewaki Misato Fujibayashi Shuichi Sugiyama Katsuhiko Yaginuma Tomoya Akahira Shingen Yamamoto Seiya Tsushima Yuko Matsushita Teruo Sano |
author_facet |
Ying-Hong He Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama Tsutae Ito Asuka Shirakawa Hideki Yamamoto Akiko Kashiwagi Ayumu Tatewaki Misato Fujibayashi Shuichi Sugiyama Katsuhiko Yaginuma Tomoya Akahira Shingen Yamamoto Seiya Tsushima Yuko Matsushita Teruo Sano |
author_sort |
Ying-Hong He |
title |
Microbial Diversity in the Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere of an Apple Orchard Managed under Prolonged “Natural Farming” Practices |
title_short |
Microbial Diversity in the Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere of an Apple Orchard Managed under Prolonged “Natural Farming” Practices |
title_full |
Microbial Diversity in the Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere of an Apple Orchard Managed under Prolonged “Natural Farming” Practices |
title_fullStr |
Microbial Diversity in the Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere of an Apple Orchard Managed under Prolonged “Natural Farming” Practices |
title_full_unstemmed |
Microbial Diversity in the Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere of an Apple Orchard Managed under Prolonged “Natural Farming” Practices |
title_sort |
microbial diversity in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of an apple orchard managed under prolonged “natural farming” practices |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102056 |
op_coverage |
agris |
genre |
Cryptococcus victoriae |
genre_facet |
Cryptococcus victoriae |
op_source |
Microorganisms; Volume 9; Issue 10; Pages: 2056 |
op_relation |
Environmental Microbiology https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102056 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102056 |
container_title |
Microorganisms |
container_volume |
9 |
container_issue |
10 |
container_start_page |
2056 |
_version_ |
1774717017059753984 |