Observations of Snow–Slush–Snow Ice Transformation and Properties of Brash Ice in Ship Channels
The thickness and properties of brash ice are usually compared with the properties of the surrounding level ice. The differences between these ice types are important to understand since the consolidated brash ice layer is typically assumed to have the same properties as level ice. Therefore, signif...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-4441/15/13/2360/ 2023-08-20T04:07:54+02:00 Observations of Snow–Slush–Snow Ice Transformation and Properties of Brash Ice in Ship Channels Vasiola Zhaka Robert Bridges Kaj Riska Jonny Nilimaa Andrzej Cwirzen agris 2023-06-26 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132360 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute New Sensors, New Technologies and Machine Learning in Water Sciences https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15132360 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Water; Volume 15; Issue 13; Pages: 2360 brash ice side ridges snow ice ship channels compressive strength Text 2023 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132360 2023-08-01T10:37:39Z The thickness and properties of brash ice are usually compared with the properties of the surrounding level ice. The differences between these ice types are important to understand since the consolidated brash ice layer is typically assumed to have the same properties as level ice. Therefore, significant effort in the measurement campaign during the winters of 2020–2021, 2021–2022, and 2023 was made to develop a better understanding of the full-scale brash ice channel development. The channels were located near the shore in the Bay of Bothnia, Luleå, Sweden. The main parameters investigated were the snow, slush, and total ice thicknesses, including ice formed from freezing water and from freezing slush as well as the ice microstructure and strength. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to report the influence of snow in brash ice channels. It was observed that a significant amount of snow covered the brash ice channels between the ship passages. After each ship passage, the snow was submerged and formed slush-filled voids, which thereafter transformed into snow ice (SI) clusters frozen together with columnar ice. The SI content in the brash ice and side ridges was estimated from image analyses. The analyses showed that the snow ice content was 73% in level ice in the vicinity of the ship channel, 58% in the side ridges of the channel, and 21% in the middle of the test channel, whereas in the main channel, the SI contents were 54%, 43%, and 41% in each location, respectively. Text Luleå Luleå Luleå MDPI Open Access Publishing Water 15 13 2360 |
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MDPI Open Access Publishing |
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ftmdpi |
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English |
topic |
brash ice side ridges snow ice ship channels compressive strength |
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brash ice side ridges snow ice ship channels compressive strength Vasiola Zhaka Robert Bridges Kaj Riska Jonny Nilimaa Andrzej Cwirzen Observations of Snow–Slush–Snow Ice Transformation and Properties of Brash Ice in Ship Channels |
topic_facet |
brash ice side ridges snow ice ship channels compressive strength |
description |
The thickness and properties of brash ice are usually compared with the properties of the surrounding level ice. The differences between these ice types are important to understand since the consolidated brash ice layer is typically assumed to have the same properties as level ice. Therefore, significant effort in the measurement campaign during the winters of 2020–2021, 2021–2022, and 2023 was made to develop a better understanding of the full-scale brash ice channel development. The channels were located near the shore in the Bay of Bothnia, Luleå, Sweden. The main parameters investigated were the snow, slush, and total ice thicknesses, including ice formed from freezing water and from freezing slush as well as the ice microstructure and strength. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to report the influence of snow in brash ice channels. It was observed that a significant amount of snow covered the brash ice channels between the ship passages. After each ship passage, the snow was submerged and formed slush-filled voids, which thereafter transformed into snow ice (SI) clusters frozen together with columnar ice. The SI content in the brash ice and side ridges was estimated from image analyses. The analyses showed that the snow ice content was 73% in level ice in the vicinity of the ship channel, 58% in the side ridges of the channel, and 21% in the middle of the test channel, whereas in the main channel, the SI contents were 54%, 43%, and 41% in each location, respectively. |
format |
Text |
author |
Vasiola Zhaka Robert Bridges Kaj Riska Jonny Nilimaa Andrzej Cwirzen |
author_facet |
Vasiola Zhaka Robert Bridges Kaj Riska Jonny Nilimaa Andrzej Cwirzen |
author_sort |
Vasiola Zhaka |
title |
Observations of Snow–Slush–Snow Ice Transformation and Properties of Brash Ice in Ship Channels |
title_short |
Observations of Snow–Slush–Snow Ice Transformation and Properties of Brash Ice in Ship Channels |
title_full |
Observations of Snow–Slush–Snow Ice Transformation and Properties of Brash Ice in Ship Channels |
title_fullStr |
Observations of Snow–Slush–Snow Ice Transformation and Properties of Brash Ice in Ship Channels |
title_full_unstemmed |
Observations of Snow–Slush–Snow Ice Transformation and Properties of Brash Ice in Ship Channels |
title_sort |
observations of snow–slush–snow ice transformation and properties of brash ice in ship channels |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132360 |
op_coverage |
agris |
genre |
Luleå Luleå Luleå |
genre_facet |
Luleå Luleå Luleå |
op_source |
Water; Volume 15; Issue 13; Pages: 2360 |
op_relation |
New Sensors, New Technologies and Machine Learning in Water Sciences https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15132360 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132360 |
container_title |
Water |
container_volume |
15 |
container_issue |
13 |
container_start_page |
2360 |
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1774719847555399680 |