Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges
Global water resources are under pressure due to increasing population and diminishing conventional water resources caused by global warming. Water scarcity is a daunting global problem which has prompted efforts to find unconventional resources as an appealing substitute for conventional water, par...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-4441/13/22/3220/ 2023-08-20T04:02:11+02:00 Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges Zahra Karimidastenaei Björn Klöve Mojtaba Sadegh Ali Torabi Haghighi agris 2021-11-13 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/w13223220 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Water Use and Scarcity https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13223220 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Water; Volume 13; Issue 22; Pages: 3220 water scarcity iceberg water utilization global map Mann–Kendall test Text 2021 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/w13223220 2023-08-01T03:14:40Z Global water resources are under pressure due to increasing population and diminishing conventional water resources caused by global warming. Water scarcity is a daunting global problem which has prompted efforts to find unconventional resources as an appealing substitute for conventional water, particularly in arid and semiarid regions. Ice is one such unconventional water resource, which is available mainly in the Arctic and Antarctic. In this study, opportunities and challenges in iceberg utilization as a source of freshwater were investigated on the basis of a systematic literature review (SLR). A search in three databases (Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest) yielded 47 separate studies from 1974 to 2019. The SLR indicated that harvesting iceberg water, one of the purest sources of water, offers benefits ranging from supplying freshwater and creating new jobs to avoiding iceberg damage to offshore structures. Economic considerations and risks associated with iceberg towing were identified as the main limitations to iceberg harvesting, while environmental impacts were identified as the main challenge to exploiting this resource. Assessment of trends in ice sheets in Arctic and Antarctic across different spatiotemporal scales indicated that the main sources of icebergs showed a statistically significant (p < 0.01) decreasing trend for all months and seasons during 2005–2019. Text Antarc* Antarctic Arctic Global warming Iceberg* Iceberg* MDPI Open Access Publishing Arctic Antarctic Kendall ENVELOPE(-59.828,-59.828,-63.497,-63.497) Water 13 22 3220 |
institution |
Open Polar |
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MDPI Open Access Publishing |
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ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
water scarcity iceberg water utilization global map Mann–Kendall test |
spellingShingle |
water scarcity iceberg water utilization global map Mann–Kendall test Zahra Karimidastenaei Björn Klöve Mojtaba Sadegh Ali Torabi Haghighi Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges |
topic_facet |
water scarcity iceberg water utilization global map Mann–Kendall test |
description |
Global water resources are under pressure due to increasing population and diminishing conventional water resources caused by global warming. Water scarcity is a daunting global problem which has prompted efforts to find unconventional resources as an appealing substitute for conventional water, particularly in arid and semiarid regions. Ice is one such unconventional water resource, which is available mainly in the Arctic and Antarctic. In this study, opportunities and challenges in iceberg utilization as a source of freshwater were investigated on the basis of a systematic literature review (SLR). A search in three databases (Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest) yielded 47 separate studies from 1974 to 2019. The SLR indicated that harvesting iceberg water, one of the purest sources of water, offers benefits ranging from supplying freshwater and creating new jobs to avoiding iceberg damage to offshore structures. Economic considerations and risks associated with iceberg towing were identified as the main limitations to iceberg harvesting, while environmental impacts were identified as the main challenge to exploiting this resource. Assessment of trends in ice sheets in Arctic and Antarctic across different spatiotemporal scales indicated that the main sources of icebergs showed a statistically significant (p < 0.01) decreasing trend for all months and seasons during 2005–2019. |
format |
Text |
author |
Zahra Karimidastenaei Björn Klöve Mojtaba Sadegh Ali Torabi Haghighi |
author_facet |
Zahra Karimidastenaei Björn Klöve Mojtaba Sadegh Ali Torabi Haghighi |
author_sort |
Zahra Karimidastenaei |
title |
Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges |
title_short |
Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges |
title_full |
Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges |
title_fullStr |
Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges |
title_full_unstemmed |
Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges |
title_sort |
polar ice as an unconventional water resource: opportunities and challenges |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/w13223220 |
op_coverage |
agris |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-59.828,-59.828,-63.497,-63.497) |
geographic |
Arctic Antarctic Kendall |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Antarctic Kendall |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic Arctic Global warming Iceberg* Iceberg* |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic Arctic Global warming Iceberg* Iceberg* |
op_source |
Water; Volume 13; Issue 22; Pages: 3220 |
op_relation |
Water Use and Scarcity https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13223220 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/w13223220 |
container_title |
Water |
container_volume |
13 |
container_issue |
22 |
container_start_page |
3220 |
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1774712555053252608 |