Influence of Substrate Material on Flow in Freezing Water Droplets—An Experimental Study
Freezing water droplets are a natural phenomenon that occurs regularly in the Arctic climate. It affects areas such as aircrafts, wind turbine blades and roads, where it can be a safety issue. To further scrutinize the freezing process, the main objective of this paper is to experimentally examine t...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-4441/13/12/1628/ 2023-08-20T04:04:45+02:00 Influence of Substrate Material on Flow in Freezing Water Droplets—An Experimental Study Erik Fagerström Anna-Lena Ljung Linn Karlsson Henrik Lycksam agris 2021-06-09 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121628 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121628 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Water; Volume 13; Issue 12; Pages: 1628 freezing internal flow water droplet Marangoni flow PIV Text 2021 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121628 2023-08-01T01:55:12Z Freezing water droplets are a natural phenomenon that occurs regularly in the Arctic climate. It affects areas such as aircrafts, wind turbine blades and roads, where it can be a safety issue. To further scrutinize the freezing process, the main objective of this paper is to experimentally examine the influence of substrate material on the internal flow of a water droplet. The secondary goal is to reduce uncertainties in the freezing process by decreasing the randomness of the droplet size and form by introducing a groove in the substrate material. Copper, aluminium and steel was chosen due to their differences in thermal conductivities. Measurements were performed with Particle Image Velociometry (PIV) to be able to analyse the velocity field inside the droplet during the freezing process. During the investigation for the secondary goal, it could be seen that by introducing a groove in the substrate material, the contact radius could be controlled with a standard deviation of 0.85%. For the main objective, the velocity profile was investigated during different stages of the freezing process. Five points along the symmetry line of the droplet were compared and copper, which also has the highest thermal conductivity, showed the highest internal velocity. The difference between aluminium and steel was in their turn more difficult to distinguish, since the maximum velocity switched between the two materials along the symmetry line. Text Arctic MDPI Open Access Publishing Arctic Water 13 12 1628 |
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Open Polar |
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MDPI Open Access Publishing |
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ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
freezing internal flow water droplet Marangoni flow PIV |
spellingShingle |
freezing internal flow water droplet Marangoni flow PIV Erik Fagerström Anna-Lena Ljung Linn Karlsson Henrik Lycksam Influence of Substrate Material on Flow in Freezing Water Droplets—An Experimental Study |
topic_facet |
freezing internal flow water droplet Marangoni flow PIV |
description |
Freezing water droplets are a natural phenomenon that occurs regularly in the Arctic climate. It affects areas such as aircrafts, wind turbine blades and roads, where it can be a safety issue. To further scrutinize the freezing process, the main objective of this paper is to experimentally examine the influence of substrate material on the internal flow of a water droplet. The secondary goal is to reduce uncertainties in the freezing process by decreasing the randomness of the droplet size and form by introducing a groove in the substrate material. Copper, aluminium and steel was chosen due to their differences in thermal conductivities. Measurements were performed with Particle Image Velociometry (PIV) to be able to analyse the velocity field inside the droplet during the freezing process. During the investigation for the secondary goal, it could be seen that by introducing a groove in the substrate material, the contact radius could be controlled with a standard deviation of 0.85%. For the main objective, the velocity profile was investigated during different stages of the freezing process. Five points along the symmetry line of the droplet were compared and copper, which also has the highest thermal conductivity, showed the highest internal velocity. The difference between aluminium and steel was in their turn more difficult to distinguish, since the maximum velocity switched between the two materials along the symmetry line. |
format |
Text |
author |
Erik Fagerström Anna-Lena Ljung Linn Karlsson Henrik Lycksam |
author_facet |
Erik Fagerström Anna-Lena Ljung Linn Karlsson Henrik Lycksam |
author_sort |
Erik Fagerström |
title |
Influence of Substrate Material on Flow in Freezing Water Droplets—An Experimental Study |
title_short |
Influence of Substrate Material on Flow in Freezing Water Droplets—An Experimental Study |
title_full |
Influence of Substrate Material on Flow in Freezing Water Droplets—An Experimental Study |
title_fullStr |
Influence of Substrate Material on Flow in Freezing Water Droplets—An Experimental Study |
title_full_unstemmed |
Influence of Substrate Material on Flow in Freezing Water Droplets—An Experimental Study |
title_sort |
influence of substrate material on flow in freezing water droplets—an experimental study |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121628 |
op_coverage |
agris |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_source |
Water; Volume 13; Issue 12; Pages: 1628 |
op_relation |
Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121628 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121628 |
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Water |
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1628 |
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