Analysis of Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Based on New Quality Control Scheme
Raindrop size distribution (DSD) can reflect the fundamental microphysics of precipitation and provide an accurate estimation of its amount and characteristics; however, there are few observations and investigations of DSD in cold, mountainous regions. We used the second-generation particle size and...
Published in: | Water |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , , |
Format: | Text |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
2019
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112265 |
id |
ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-4441/11/11/2265/ |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-4441/11/11/2265/ 2023-08-20T04:09:11+02:00 Analysis of Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Based on New Quality Control Scheme Lu Ma Lin Zhao Daqing Yang Yao Xiao Lele Zhang Yongping Qiao agris 2019-10-28 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112265 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Hydrology https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112265 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Water; Volume 11; Issue 11; Pages: 2265 raindrop size distribution data quality control scheme precipitation types permafrost regions Text 2019 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112265 2023-07-31T22:44:25Z Raindrop size distribution (DSD) can reflect the fundamental microphysics of precipitation and provide an accurate estimation of its amount and characteristics; however, there are few observations and investigations of DSD in cold, mountainous regions. We used the second-generation particle size and velocity disdrometer Parsivel2 to establish a quality control scheme for raindrop spectral data obtained for the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in 2015. This scheme included the elimination of particles in the lowest two size classes, particles >10 mm in diameter and rain rates <0.01 mm · h−1. We analyzed the DSD characteristics for different types of precipitation and rain rates in both permafrost regions and regions with seasonally frozen ground. The precipitation in the permafrost regions during the summer were mainly solid with a large particle size and slow fall velocity, whereas the precipitation in the regions with seasonally frozen ground were mainly liquid. The DSD of snow had a broader drop spectrum, the largest particle size, the slowest fall velocity, and the largest number of particles, followed by hail. Rain and sleet shared similar DSD characteristics, with a smaller particle size, slower velocity, and smaller number of particles. The particle concentration for different classes of rain rate decreased with an increase in particle size and decreased gradually with an increase in rain rate. Precipitation with a rain rate >2 mm · h−1 was the main contributor to the annual precipitation. The dewpoint thresholds for snow and rain in permafrost regions were 0 and 1.5 °C, respectively. The dewpoint range 0–1.5 °C was characterized by mixed precipitation with a large proportion of hail. This study provides valuable DSD information on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and can be used as an important reference for the quality control of raindrop spectral data in regions dominated by solid precipitation. Text permafrost MDPI Open Access Publishing Water 11 11 2265 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
MDPI Open Access Publishing |
op_collection_id |
ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
raindrop size distribution data quality control scheme precipitation types permafrost regions |
spellingShingle |
raindrop size distribution data quality control scheme precipitation types permafrost regions Lu Ma Lin Zhao Daqing Yang Yao Xiao Lele Zhang Yongping Qiao Analysis of Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Based on New Quality Control Scheme |
topic_facet |
raindrop size distribution data quality control scheme precipitation types permafrost regions |
description |
Raindrop size distribution (DSD) can reflect the fundamental microphysics of precipitation and provide an accurate estimation of its amount and characteristics; however, there are few observations and investigations of DSD in cold, mountainous regions. We used the second-generation particle size and velocity disdrometer Parsivel2 to establish a quality control scheme for raindrop spectral data obtained for the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in 2015. This scheme included the elimination of particles in the lowest two size classes, particles >10 mm in diameter and rain rates <0.01 mm · h−1. We analyzed the DSD characteristics for different types of precipitation and rain rates in both permafrost regions and regions with seasonally frozen ground. The precipitation in the permafrost regions during the summer were mainly solid with a large particle size and slow fall velocity, whereas the precipitation in the regions with seasonally frozen ground were mainly liquid. The DSD of snow had a broader drop spectrum, the largest particle size, the slowest fall velocity, and the largest number of particles, followed by hail. Rain and sleet shared similar DSD characteristics, with a smaller particle size, slower velocity, and smaller number of particles. The particle concentration for different classes of rain rate decreased with an increase in particle size and decreased gradually with an increase in rain rate. Precipitation with a rain rate >2 mm · h−1 was the main contributor to the annual precipitation. The dewpoint thresholds for snow and rain in permafrost regions were 0 and 1.5 °C, respectively. The dewpoint range 0–1.5 °C was characterized by mixed precipitation with a large proportion of hail. This study provides valuable DSD information on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and can be used as an important reference for the quality control of raindrop spectral data in regions dominated by solid precipitation. |
format |
Text |
author |
Lu Ma Lin Zhao Daqing Yang Yao Xiao Lele Zhang Yongping Qiao |
author_facet |
Lu Ma Lin Zhao Daqing Yang Yao Xiao Lele Zhang Yongping Qiao |
author_sort |
Lu Ma |
title |
Analysis of Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Based on New Quality Control Scheme |
title_short |
Analysis of Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Based on New Quality Control Scheme |
title_full |
Analysis of Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Based on New Quality Control Scheme |
title_fullStr |
Analysis of Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Based on New Quality Control Scheme |
title_full_unstemmed |
Analysis of Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Based on New Quality Control Scheme |
title_sort |
analysis of raindrop size distribution characteristics in permafrost regions of the qinghai–tibet plateau based on new quality control scheme |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112265 |
op_coverage |
agris |
genre |
permafrost |
genre_facet |
permafrost |
op_source |
Water; Volume 11; Issue 11; Pages: 2265 |
op_relation |
Hydrology https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112265 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112265 |
container_title |
Water |
container_volume |
11 |
container_issue |
11 |
container_start_page |
2265 |
_version_ |
1774721973200355328 |