Emergent Toxins in North Atlantic Temperate Waters: A Challenge for Monitoring Programs and Legislation
Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) are complex to manage due to their intermittent nature and their severe impact on the economy and human health. The conditions which promote HAB have not yet been fully explained, though climate change and anthropogenic intervention are pointed as significant factors. The...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-6651/7/3/859/ 2023-08-20T04:08:24+02:00 Emergent Toxins in North Atlantic Temperate Waters: A Challenge for Monitoring Programs and Legislation Marisa Silva Vijaya Pratheepa Luis Botana Vitor Vasconcelos agris 2015-03-16 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7030859 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Marine and Freshwater Toxins https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins7030859 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Toxins; Volume 7; Issue 3; Pages: 859-885 emergent toxins monitoring new vectors legislation Text 2015 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7030859 2023-07-31T20:42:20Z Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) are complex to manage due to their intermittent nature and their severe impact on the economy and human health. The conditions which promote HAB have not yet been fully explained, though climate change and anthropogenic intervention are pointed as significant factors. The rise of water temperature, the opening of new sea canals and the introduction of ship ballast waters all contribute to the dispersion and establishment of toxin-producing invasive species that promote the settling of emergent toxins in the food-chain. Tetrodotoxin, ciguatoxin, palytoxin and cyclic imines are commonly reported in warm waters but have also caused poisoning incidents in temperate zones. There is evidence that monitoring for these toxins exclusively in bivalves is simplistic and underestimates the risk to public health, since new vectors have been reported for these toxins and as well for regulated toxins such as PSTs and DSTs. In order to avoid public health impacts, there is a need for adequate monitoring programs, a need for establishing appropriate legislation, and a need for optimizing effective methods of analysis. In this review, we will compile evidence concerning emergent marine toxins and provide data that may indicate the need to restructure the current monitoring programs of HAB. Text North Atlantic MDPI Open Access Publishing Toxins 7 3 859 885 |
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emergent toxins monitoring new vectors legislation |
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emergent toxins monitoring new vectors legislation Marisa Silva Vijaya Pratheepa Luis Botana Vitor Vasconcelos Emergent Toxins in North Atlantic Temperate Waters: A Challenge for Monitoring Programs and Legislation |
topic_facet |
emergent toxins monitoring new vectors legislation |
description |
Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) are complex to manage due to their intermittent nature and their severe impact on the economy and human health. The conditions which promote HAB have not yet been fully explained, though climate change and anthropogenic intervention are pointed as significant factors. The rise of water temperature, the opening of new sea canals and the introduction of ship ballast waters all contribute to the dispersion and establishment of toxin-producing invasive species that promote the settling of emergent toxins in the food-chain. Tetrodotoxin, ciguatoxin, palytoxin and cyclic imines are commonly reported in warm waters but have also caused poisoning incidents in temperate zones. There is evidence that monitoring for these toxins exclusively in bivalves is simplistic and underestimates the risk to public health, since new vectors have been reported for these toxins and as well for regulated toxins such as PSTs and DSTs. In order to avoid public health impacts, there is a need for adequate monitoring programs, a need for establishing appropriate legislation, and a need for optimizing effective methods of analysis. In this review, we will compile evidence concerning emergent marine toxins and provide data that may indicate the need to restructure the current monitoring programs of HAB. |
format |
Text |
author |
Marisa Silva Vijaya Pratheepa Luis Botana Vitor Vasconcelos |
author_facet |
Marisa Silva Vijaya Pratheepa Luis Botana Vitor Vasconcelos |
author_sort |
Marisa Silva |
title |
Emergent Toxins in North Atlantic Temperate Waters: A Challenge for Monitoring Programs and Legislation |
title_short |
Emergent Toxins in North Atlantic Temperate Waters: A Challenge for Monitoring Programs and Legislation |
title_full |
Emergent Toxins in North Atlantic Temperate Waters: A Challenge for Monitoring Programs and Legislation |
title_fullStr |
Emergent Toxins in North Atlantic Temperate Waters: A Challenge for Monitoring Programs and Legislation |
title_full_unstemmed |
Emergent Toxins in North Atlantic Temperate Waters: A Challenge for Monitoring Programs and Legislation |
title_sort |
emergent toxins in north atlantic temperate waters: a challenge for monitoring programs and legislation |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2015 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7030859 |
op_coverage |
agris |
genre |
North Atlantic |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic |
op_source |
Toxins; Volume 7; Issue 3; Pages: 859-885 |
op_relation |
Marine and Freshwater Toxins https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins7030859 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7030859 |
container_title |
Toxins |
container_volume |
7 |
container_issue |
3 |
container_start_page |
859 |
op_container_end_page |
885 |
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1774720641531904000 |