The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Adopts Different Growth Modes When Exposed to Short or Long Period of Seawater Acidification
Impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on noncalcifying organisms and the possibly responsible mechanism have aroused great research interests with the intensification of global warming. The present study focused on a noxious, noncalcifying, bloom-forming dinoflagellate, Karenia mikimotoi (K. mikimotoi...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-6651/13/9/629/ 2023-08-20T04:09:02+02:00 The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Adopts Different Growth Modes When Exposed to Short or Long Period of Seawater Acidification Yuanyuan Li Zhengli Zhou Yijun Li Yanqun Wang Mengxue Xu Bin Zhou Keyu Lu You Wang agris 2021-09-08 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090629 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Marine and Freshwater Toxins https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090629 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Toxins; Volume 13; Issue 9; Pages: 629 seawater acidification Karenia mikimotoi apoptosis cell cycle photosynthetic carbon fixation growth modes Text 2021 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090629 2023-08-01T02:38:46Z Impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on noncalcifying organisms and the possibly responsible mechanism have aroused great research interests with the intensification of global warming. The present study focused on a noxious, noncalcifying, bloom-forming dinoflagellate, Karenia mikimotoi (K. mikimotoi), and its variation of growth patterns exposed to different periods of seawater acidification with stressing gradients was discussed. The dinoflagellates under short-time acidifying stress (2d) with different levels of CO2 presented significant growth inhibition (p < 0.05). The cell cycle was obviously inhibited at S phase, and the photosynthetic carbon fixation was also greatly suppressed (p < 0.05). Apoptosis was observed and the apoptotic rate increased with the increment of pCO2. Similar tendencies were observed in the key components of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), Caspase-3 and -9, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio). However, under prolonged stressing time (8 d and 15 d), the growth of dinoflagellates was recovered or even stimulated, the photosynthetic carbon fixation was significantly increased (p < 0.05), the cell cycle of division presented little difference with those in the control, and no apoptosis was observed (p > 0.05). Besides, acidification adjusted by HCl addition and CO2 enrichment resulted in different growth performances, while the latter had a more negative impact. The results of present study indicated that (1) the short-time exposure to acidified seawater led to reduced growth performance via inducing apoptosis, blocking of cell cycle, and the alteration in photosynthetic carbon fixation. (2) K. mikimotoi had undergone adaptive changes under long-term exposure to CO2 induced seawater acidification. This further demonstrated that K. mikimotoi has strong adaptability in the face of seawater acidification, and this may be one of the reasons for the frequent outbreak of red tide. (3) Ions that dissociated by the dissolved CO2, instead of H+ itself, ... Text Ocean acidification MDPI Open Access Publishing Toxins 13 9 629 |
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Open Polar |
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MDPI Open Access Publishing |
op_collection_id |
ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
seawater acidification Karenia mikimotoi apoptosis cell cycle photosynthetic carbon fixation growth modes |
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seawater acidification Karenia mikimotoi apoptosis cell cycle photosynthetic carbon fixation growth modes Yuanyuan Li Zhengli Zhou Yijun Li Yanqun Wang Mengxue Xu Bin Zhou Keyu Lu You Wang The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Adopts Different Growth Modes When Exposed to Short or Long Period of Seawater Acidification |
topic_facet |
seawater acidification Karenia mikimotoi apoptosis cell cycle photosynthetic carbon fixation growth modes |
description |
Impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on noncalcifying organisms and the possibly responsible mechanism have aroused great research interests with the intensification of global warming. The present study focused on a noxious, noncalcifying, bloom-forming dinoflagellate, Karenia mikimotoi (K. mikimotoi), and its variation of growth patterns exposed to different periods of seawater acidification with stressing gradients was discussed. The dinoflagellates under short-time acidifying stress (2d) with different levels of CO2 presented significant growth inhibition (p < 0.05). The cell cycle was obviously inhibited at S phase, and the photosynthetic carbon fixation was also greatly suppressed (p < 0.05). Apoptosis was observed and the apoptotic rate increased with the increment of pCO2. Similar tendencies were observed in the key components of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), Caspase-3 and -9, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio). However, under prolonged stressing time (8 d and 15 d), the growth of dinoflagellates was recovered or even stimulated, the photosynthetic carbon fixation was significantly increased (p < 0.05), the cell cycle of division presented little difference with those in the control, and no apoptosis was observed (p > 0.05). Besides, acidification adjusted by HCl addition and CO2 enrichment resulted in different growth performances, while the latter had a more negative impact. The results of present study indicated that (1) the short-time exposure to acidified seawater led to reduced growth performance via inducing apoptosis, blocking of cell cycle, and the alteration in photosynthetic carbon fixation. (2) K. mikimotoi had undergone adaptive changes under long-term exposure to CO2 induced seawater acidification. This further demonstrated that K. mikimotoi has strong adaptability in the face of seawater acidification, and this may be one of the reasons for the frequent outbreak of red tide. (3) Ions that dissociated by the dissolved CO2, instead of H+ itself, ... |
format |
Text |
author |
Yuanyuan Li Zhengli Zhou Yijun Li Yanqun Wang Mengxue Xu Bin Zhou Keyu Lu You Wang |
author_facet |
Yuanyuan Li Zhengli Zhou Yijun Li Yanqun Wang Mengxue Xu Bin Zhou Keyu Lu You Wang |
author_sort |
Yuanyuan Li |
title |
The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Adopts Different Growth Modes When Exposed to Short or Long Period of Seawater Acidification |
title_short |
The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Adopts Different Growth Modes When Exposed to Short or Long Period of Seawater Acidification |
title_full |
The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Adopts Different Growth Modes When Exposed to Short or Long Period of Seawater Acidification |
title_fullStr |
The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Adopts Different Growth Modes When Exposed to Short or Long Period of Seawater Acidification |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Adopts Different Growth Modes When Exposed to Short or Long Period of Seawater Acidification |
title_sort |
bloom-forming dinoflagellate karenia mikimotoi adopts different growth modes when exposed to short or long period of seawater acidification |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090629 |
op_coverage |
agris |
genre |
Ocean acidification |
genre_facet |
Ocean acidification |
op_source |
Toxins; Volume 13; Issue 9; Pages: 629 |
op_relation |
Marine and Freshwater Toxins https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090629 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090629 |
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Toxins |
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629 |
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1774721686560571392 |