Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections
Tetrodotoxins (TTXs) are potentially lethal paralytic toxins that have been identified in European shellfish over recent years. Risk assessment has suggested comparatively low levels (44 µg TTX-equivalent/kg) but stresses the lack of data on occurrence. Both bacteria and dinoflagellates were suggest...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-6651/13/11/740/ 2023-08-20T04:06:04+02:00 Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections Damien Réveillon Véronique Savar Estelle Schaefer Julien Chevé Marie-Pierre Halm-Lemeille Dominique Hervio-Heath Marie-Agnès Travers Eric Abadie Jean-Luc Rolland Philipp Hess agris 2021-10-20 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110740 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Marine and Freshwater Toxins https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110740 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Toxins; Volume 13; Issue 11; Pages: 740 emerging toxins TTXs REPHY REMI coastal and seafood contamination Text 2021 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110740 2023-08-01T03:00:38Z Tetrodotoxins (TTXs) are potentially lethal paralytic toxins that have been identified in European shellfish over recent years. Risk assessment has suggested comparatively low levels (44 µg TTX-equivalent/kg) but stresses the lack of data on occurrence. Both bacteria and dinoflagellates were suggested as possible biogenic sources, either from an endogenous or exogenous origin. We thus investigated TTXs in (i) 98 shellfish samples and (ii) 122 bacterial strains, isolated from French environments. We optimized a method based on mass spectrometry, using a single extraction step followed by ultrafiltration without Solid Phase Extraction and matrix-matched calibration for both shellfish and bacterial matrix. Limits of detection and quantification were 6.3 and 12.5 µg/kg for shellfish and 5.0 and 10 µg/kg for bacterial matrix, respectively. Even though bacterial matrix resulted in signal enhancement, no TTX analog was detected in any strain. Bivalves (either Crassostrea gigas or Ruditapes philippinarum) were surveyed in six French production areas over 2.5–3 month periods (2018–2019). Concentrations of TTX ranged from ‘not detected’ to a maximum of 32 µg/kg (Bay of Brest, 17 June 2019), with events lasting 2 weeks at maximum. While these results are in line with previous studies, they provide new data of TTX occurrence and confirm that the link between bacteria, bivalves and TTX is complex. Text Crassostrea gigas MDPI Open Access Publishing Toxins 13 11 740 |
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MDPI Open Access Publishing |
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ftmdpi |
language |
English |
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emerging toxins TTXs REPHY REMI coastal and seafood contamination |
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emerging toxins TTXs REPHY REMI coastal and seafood contamination Damien Réveillon Véronique Savar Estelle Schaefer Julien Chevé Marie-Pierre Halm-Lemeille Dominique Hervio-Heath Marie-Agnès Travers Eric Abadie Jean-Luc Rolland Philipp Hess Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections |
topic_facet |
emerging toxins TTXs REPHY REMI coastal and seafood contamination |
description |
Tetrodotoxins (TTXs) are potentially lethal paralytic toxins that have been identified in European shellfish over recent years. Risk assessment has suggested comparatively low levels (44 µg TTX-equivalent/kg) but stresses the lack of data on occurrence. Both bacteria and dinoflagellates were suggested as possible biogenic sources, either from an endogenous or exogenous origin. We thus investigated TTXs in (i) 98 shellfish samples and (ii) 122 bacterial strains, isolated from French environments. We optimized a method based on mass spectrometry, using a single extraction step followed by ultrafiltration without Solid Phase Extraction and matrix-matched calibration for both shellfish and bacterial matrix. Limits of detection and quantification were 6.3 and 12.5 µg/kg for shellfish and 5.0 and 10 µg/kg for bacterial matrix, respectively. Even though bacterial matrix resulted in signal enhancement, no TTX analog was detected in any strain. Bivalves (either Crassostrea gigas or Ruditapes philippinarum) were surveyed in six French production areas over 2.5–3 month periods (2018–2019). Concentrations of TTX ranged from ‘not detected’ to a maximum of 32 µg/kg (Bay of Brest, 17 June 2019), with events lasting 2 weeks at maximum. While these results are in line with previous studies, they provide new data of TTX occurrence and confirm that the link between bacteria, bivalves and TTX is complex. |
format |
Text |
author |
Damien Réveillon Véronique Savar Estelle Schaefer Julien Chevé Marie-Pierre Halm-Lemeille Dominique Hervio-Heath Marie-Agnès Travers Eric Abadie Jean-Luc Rolland Philipp Hess |
author_facet |
Damien Réveillon Véronique Savar Estelle Schaefer Julien Chevé Marie-Pierre Halm-Lemeille Dominique Hervio-Heath Marie-Agnès Travers Eric Abadie Jean-Luc Rolland Philipp Hess |
author_sort |
Damien Réveillon |
title |
Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections |
title_short |
Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections |
title_full |
Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections |
title_fullStr |
Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections |
title_full_unstemmed |
Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections |
title_sort |
tetrodotoxins in french bivalve mollusks—analytical methodology, environmental dynamics and screening of bacterial strain collections |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110740 |
op_coverage |
agris |
genre |
Crassostrea gigas |
genre_facet |
Crassostrea gigas |
op_source |
Toxins; Volume 13; Issue 11; Pages: 740 |
op_relation |
Marine and Freshwater Toxins https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110740 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110740 |
container_title |
Toxins |
container_volume |
13 |
container_issue |
11 |
container_start_page |
740 |
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1774716986507395072 |