Changes in Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Concentration in the Arctic Ocean over the Past Two Decades
With global warming, the decrease in sea ice creates favorable conditions for Arctic activities. Sea surface temperature (SST) is not only an important driven factor of sea ice concentration (SIC) changes but also an important medium of the ocean–atmosphere interaction. However, the response of sea...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/4/1095/ 2023-08-20T04:03:26+02:00 Changes in Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Concentration in the Arctic Ocean over the Past Two Decades Meng Yang Yubao Qiu Lin Huang Maoce Cheng Jianguo Chen Bin Cheng Zhengxin Jiang agris 2023-02-17 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041095 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Environmental Remote Sensing https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15041095 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 4; Pages: 1095 Arctic sea surface temperature sea ice concentration melting freezing Text 2023 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041095 2023-08-01T08:51:25Z With global warming, the decrease in sea ice creates favorable conditions for Arctic activities. Sea surface temperature (SST) is not only an important driven factor of sea ice concentration (SIC) changes but also an important medium of the ocean–atmosphere interaction. However, the response of sea surface temperature to Arctic sea ice varies in different sea areas. Using the optimal interpolated SST data from the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) and SIC data from the University of Bremen, the temporal and spatial characteristics of SST and SIC in the Arctic above 60°N and their relationship are studied, and the melting and freezing time of sea ice are calculated, which is particularly important for the prediction of Arctic shipping and sea ice. The results show that (1) the highest and lowest monthly mean Arctic SST occur in August and March, respectively, while those of SIC are in March and September. The maximum trends of SST and SIC changes are in autumn, which are +0.01 °C/year and −0.45%/year, respectively. (2) There is a significant negative correlation between the Arctic SST and SIC with a correlation coefficient of −0.82. (3) The sea ice break-up occurs on Day of the Year (DoY) 143 and freeze-up occurs on DoY 296 in the Arctic. The melting and freezing processes lasted for 27 days and 14 days, respectively. (4) The Kara Sea showed the strongest trend of sea ice melting at −1.22 d/year, followed by the Laptev Sea at −1.17 d/year. The delay trend of sea ice freezing was the most significant in the Kara Sea +1.75 d/year, followed by the Laptev Sea +1.70 d/year. In the Arctic, the trend toward earlier melting of sea ice is smaller than the trend toward later freezing. Text Arctic Arctic Ocean Global warming Kara Sea laptev Laptev Sea Sea ice MDPI Open Access Publishing Arctic Arctic Ocean Laptev Sea Kara Sea Remote Sensing 15 4 1095 |
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Open Polar |
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MDPI Open Access Publishing |
op_collection_id |
ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
Arctic sea surface temperature sea ice concentration melting freezing |
spellingShingle |
Arctic sea surface temperature sea ice concentration melting freezing Meng Yang Yubao Qiu Lin Huang Maoce Cheng Jianguo Chen Bin Cheng Zhengxin Jiang Changes in Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Concentration in the Arctic Ocean over the Past Two Decades |
topic_facet |
Arctic sea surface temperature sea ice concentration melting freezing |
description |
With global warming, the decrease in sea ice creates favorable conditions for Arctic activities. Sea surface temperature (SST) is not only an important driven factor of sea ice concentration (SIC) changes but also an important medium of the ocean–atmosphere interaction. However, the response of sea surface temperature to Arctic sea ice varies in different sea areas. Using the optimal interpolated SST data from the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) and SIC data from the University of Bremen, the temporal and spatial characteristics of SST and SIC in the Arctic above 60°N and their relationship are studied, and the melting and freezing time of sea ice are calculated, which is particularly important for the prediction of Arctic shipping and sea ice. The results show that (1) the highest and lowest monthly mean Arctic SST occur in August and March, respectively, while those of SIC are in March and September. The maximum trends of SST and SIC changes are in autumn, which are +0.01 °C/year and −0.45%/year, respectively. (2) There is a significant negative correlation between the Arctic SST and SIC with a correlation coefficient of −0.82. (3) The sea ice break-up occurs on Day of the Year (DoY) 143 and freeze-up occurs on DoY 296 in the Arctic. The melting and freezing processes lasted for 27 days and 14 days, respectively. (4) The Kara Sea showed the strongest trend of sea ice melting at −1.22 d/year, followed by the Laptev Sea at −1.17 d/year. The delay trend of sea ice freezing was the most significant in the Kara Sea +1.75 d/year, followed by the Laptev Sea +1.70 d/year. In the Arctic, the trend toward earlier melting of sea ice is smaller than the trend toward later freezing. |
format |
Text |
author |
Meng Yang Yubao Qiu Lin Huang Maoce Cheng Jianguo Chen Bin Cheng Zhengxin Jiang |
author_facet |
Meng Yang Yubao Qiu Lin Huang Maoce Cheng Jianguo Chen Bin Cheng Zhengxin Jiang |
author_sort |
Meng Yang |
title |
Changes in Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Concentration in the Arctic Ocean over the Past Two Decades |
title_short |
Changes in Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Concentration in the Arctic Ocean over the Past Two Decades |
title_full |
Changes in Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Concentration in the Arctic Ocean over the Past Two Decades |
title_fullStr |
Changes in Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Concentration in the Arctic Ocean over the Past Two Decades |
title_full_unstemmed |
Changes in Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Concentration in the Arctic Ocean over the Past Two Decades |
title_sort |
changes in sea surface temperature and sea ice concentration in the arctic ocean over the past two decades |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041095 |
op_coverage |
agris |
geographic |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Laptev Sea Kara Sea |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Laptev Sea Kara Sea |
genre |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Global warming Kara Sea laptev Laptev Sea Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Global warming Kara Sea laptev Laptev Sea Sea ice |
op_source |
Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 4; Pages: 1095 |
op_relation |
Environmental Remote Sensing https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15041095 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041095 |
container_title |
Remote Sensing |
container_volume |
15 |
container_issue |
4 |
container_start_page |
1095 |
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1774713791482691584 |