Comparison of Freshwater Content and Variability in the Arctic Ocean Using Observations and Model Simulations
Freshwater content (FWC), generally characterized in the Arctic Ocean by salinities lower than 34.8 psu, has shifted in both quantity and distribution in recent decades in the Arctic Ocean. This has been largely driven by changes in the volume and salinity of freshwater sources and the direction and...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/15/3715/ 2023-08-20T04:03:29+02:00 Comparison of Freshwater Content and Variability in the Arctic Ocean Using Observations and Model Simulations Emma L. Hoffman Bulusu Subrahmanyam Corinne B. Trott Sarah B. Hall agris 2023-07-25 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153715 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Ocean Remote Sensing https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15153715 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 15; Pages: 3715 Arctic Ocean Beaufort Gyre freshwater content sea surface salinity sea surface height ocean models ocean reanalysis Text 2023 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153715 2023-08-01T11:00:19Z Freshwater content (FWC), generally characterized in the Arctic Ocean by salinities lower than 34.8 psu, has shifted in both quantity and distribution in recent decades in the Arctic Ocean. This has been largely driven by changes in the volume and salinity of freshwater sources and the direction and magnitude of major currents. In this study, we analyze the variability in FWC and other physical oceanographic variables from 1993 to 2021 in the Arctic Ocean and Beaufort Gyre (BG) using in situ and remote sensing observations and five ocean models and reanalysis products. Generally, ocean models and reanalysis products underestimate FWC in the BG when compared with observations. Modeled FWC and sea surface height (SSH) in the BG are well correlated during the time period and are similar to correlations of the observational data of these variables. ORAS5 compares best to EN4 salinity over the entire study period, although GLORYS12 agrees well pre-2007 and SODA post-2007. Outside the BG, consistency between modeled SSH, FWC, and limited observations varies between models. These comparisons help identify discrepancies in ocean model and reanalysis products while highlighting areas where future improvements are necessary to further our understanding of Arctic FWC. As observations are scarce in the Arctic, these products and their accuracy are important to studying this dynamic and vulnerable ocean. Text Arctic Arctic Ocean MDPI Open Access Publishing Arctic Arctic Ocean Remote Sensing 15 15 3715 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
MDPI Open Access Publishing |
op_collection_id |
ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
Arctic Ocean Beaufort Gyre freshwater content sea surface salinity sea surface height ocean models ocean reanalysis |
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Arctic Ocean Beaufort Gyre freshwater content sea surface salinity sea surface height ocean models ocean reanalysis Emma L. Hoffman Bulusu Subrahmanyam Corinne B. Trott Sarah B. Hall Comparison of Freshwater Content and Variability in the Arctic Ocean Using Observations and Model Simulations |
topic_facet |
Arctic Ocean Beaufort Gyre freshwater content sea surface salinity sea surface height ocean models ocean reanalysis |
description |
Freshwater content (FWC), generally characterized in the Arctic Ocean by salinities lower than 34.8 psu, has shifted in both quantity and distribution in recent decades in the Arctic Ocean. This has been largely driven by changes in the volume and salinity of freshwater sources and the direction and magnitude of major currents. In this study, we analyze the variability in FWC and other physical oceanographic variables from 1993 to 2021 in the Arctic Ocean and Beaufort Gyre (BG) using in situ and remote sensing observations and five ocean models and reanalysis products. Generally, ocean models and reanalysis products underestimate FWC in the BG when compared with observations. Modeled FWC and sea surface height (SSH) in the BG are well correlated during the time period and are similar to correlations of the observational data of these variables. ORAS5 compares best to EN4 salinity over the entire study period, although GLORYS12 agrees well pre-2007 and SODA post-2007. Outside the BG, consistency between modeled SSH, FWC, and limited observations varies between models. These comparisons help identify discrepancies in ocean model and reanalysis products while highlighting areas where future improvements are necessary to further our understanding of Arctic FWC. As observations are scarce in the Arctic, these products and their accuracy are important to studying this dynamic and vulnerable ocean. |
format |
Text |
author |
Emma L. Hoffman Bulusu Subrahmanyam Corinne B. Trott Sarah B. Hall |
author_facet |
Emma L. Hoffman Bulusu Subrahmanyam Corinne B. Trott Sarah B. Hall |
author_sort |
Emma L. Hoffman |
title |
Comparison of Freshwater Content and Variability in the Arctic Ocean Using Observations and Model Simulations |
title_short |
Comparison of Freshwater Content and Variability in the Arctic Ocean Using Observations and Model Simulations |
title_full |
Comparison of Freshwater Content and Variability in the Arctic Ocean Using Observations and Model Simulations |
title_fullStr |
Comparison of Freshwater Content and Variability in the Arctic Ocean Using Observations and Model Simulations |
title_full_unstemmed |
Comparison of Freshwater Content and Variability in the Arctic Ocean Using Observations and Model Simulations |
title_sort |
comparison of freshwater content and variability in the arctic ocean using observations and model simulations |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153715 |
op_coverage |
agris |
geographic |
Arctic Arctic Ocean |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean |
genre |
Arctic Arctic Ocean |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean |
op_source |
Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 15; Pages: 3715 |
op_relation |
Ocean Remote Sensing https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15153715 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153715 |
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Remote Sensing |
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15 |
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15 |
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3715 |
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1774713866315366400 |