Comparison of Weighted Mean Temperature in Greenland Calculated by Four Reanalysis Data
The weighted mean temperature (Tm) is a critical parameter for precipitable water vapor (PWV) retrieval in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) meteorology. Reanalysis data are an important data source for Tm calculation and Tm empirical model establishment. This study uses radiosonde data to e...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/21/5431/ 2023-08-20T04:06:50+02:00 Comparison of Weighted Mean Temperature in Greenland Calculated by Four Reanalysis Data Chengcheng Luo Feng Xiao Li Gong Jintao Lei Wenhao Li Shengkai Zhang agris 2022-10-28 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215431 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Atmospheric Remote Sensing https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215431 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 21; Pages: 5431 reanalysis data radiosonde data Greenland weighted mean temperature Text 2022 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215431 2023-08-01T07:05:46Z The weighted mean temperature (Tm) is a critical parameter for precipitable water vapor (PWV) retrieval in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) meteorology. Reanalysis data are an important data source for Tm calculation and Tm empirical model establishment. This study uses radiosonde data to evaluate the accuracy and the spatiotemporal variation of Tm that is derived from four reanalysis data, namely, the release of the fifth-generation accurate global atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5), the modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications version 2 (MERRA-2), the NCEP/DOE, and the NCEP/NCAR, from 2005 to 2019 in Greenland, due to the paucity of research on the performance of Tm in the polar region that is derived from reanalysis data, particularly on a long temporal scale. The results were as follows: (1) The 15-year mean bias errors (MBEs) and root mean square errors (RMSEs) of Tm that were obtained from the four reanalysis data are 0.267 and 0.691 K for the ERA5, −0.247 and 0.962 K for the MERRA-2, 0.192 and 1.148 K for the NCEP/DOE, and −0.069 and 1.37 K for the NCEP/NCAR. The Tm that was derived from the ERA5 (ERA5Tm) has the highest accuracy, followed by the MERRA-2 Tm, the NCEP/DOE Tm, and the NCEP/NCAR Tm. (2) In the inter-annual stability of the Tm precision compared with the radiosonde data, the results of the ERA5 are the most stable, followed by the NCEP/DOE Tm, the NCEP/NCAR Tm, and the MERRA-2 Tm. The ERA5 Tm have improved from 2005 to 2019. (3) The Tm accuracy that was computed by the four reanalysis data exhibits significant seasonal variation characteristics in Greenland, as follows: the summer and the autumn accuracy is higher than that in the winter and the spring, which may be related to the variation of the surface temperature (Ts) accuracy. (4) The Tm that was estimated from the four reanalysis data exhibits a consistent spatial distribution, as follows: the Tm is smaller in the middle region of Greenland and is greater at the island’s edge. The comparative study of Tm that ... Text Greenland MDPI Open Access Publishing Greenland Merra ENVELOPE(12.615,12.615,65.816,65.816) Remote Sensing 14 21 5431 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
MDPI Open Access Publishing |
op_collection_id |
ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
reanalysis data radiosonde data Greenland weighted mean temperature |
spellingShingle |
reanalysis data radiosonde data Greenland weighted mean temperature Chengcheng Luo Feng Xiao Li Gong Jintao Lei Wenhao Li Shengkai Zhang Comparison of Weighted Mean Temperature in Greenland Calculated by Four Reanalysis Data |
topic_facet |
reanalysis data radiosonde data Greenland weighted mean temperature |
description |
The weighted mean temperature (Tm) is a critical parameter for precipitable water vapor (PWV) retrieval in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) meteorology. Reanalysis data are an important data source for Tm calculation and Tm empirical model establishment. This study uses radiosonde data to evaluate the accuracy and the spatiotemporal variation of Tm that is derived from four reanalysis data, namely, the release of the fifth-generation accurate global atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5), the modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications version 2 (MERRA-2), the NCEP/DOE, and the NCEP/NCAR, from 2005 to 2019 in Greenland, due to the paucity of research on the performance of Tm in the polar region that is derived from reanalysis data, particularly on a long temporal scale. The results were as follows: (1) The 15-year mean bias errors (MBEs) and root mean square errors (RMSEs) of Tm that were obtained from the four reanalysis data are 0.267 and 0.691 K for the ERA5, −0.247 and 0.962 K for the MERRA-2, 0.192 and 1.148 K for the NCEP/DOE, and −0.069 and 1.37 K for the NCEP/NCAR. The Tm that was derived from the ERA5 (ERA5Tm) has the highest accuracy, followed by the MERRA-2 Tm, the NCEP/DOE Tm, and the NCEP/NCAR Tm. (2) In the inter-annual stability of the Tm precision compared with the radiosonde data, the results of the ERA5 are the most stable, followed by the NCEP/DOE Tm, the NCEP/NCAR Tm, and the MERRA-2 Tm. The ERA5 Tm have improved from 2005 to 2019. (3) The Tm accuracy that was computed by the four reanalysis data exhibits significant seasonal variation characteristics in Greenland, as follows: the summer and the autumn accuracy is higher than that in the winter and the spring, which may be related to the variation of the surface temperature (Ts) accuracy. (4) The Tm that was estimated from the four reanalysis data exhibits a consistent spatial distribution, as follows: the Tm is smaller in the middle region of Greenland and is greater at the island’s edge. The comparative study of Tm that ... |
format |
Text |
author |
Chengcheng Luo Feng Xiao Li Gong Jintao Lei Wenhao Li Shengkai Zhang |
author_facet |
Chengcheng Luo Feng Xiao Li Gong Jintao Lei Wenhao Li Shengkai Zhang |
author_sort |
Chengcheng Luo |
title |
Comparison of Weighted Mean Temperature in Greenland Calculated by Four Reanalysis Data |
title_short |
Comparison of Weighted Mean Temperature in Greenland Calculated by Four Reanalysis Data |
title_full |
Comparison of Weighted Mean Temperature in Greenland Calculated by Four Reanalysis Data |
title_fullStr |
Comparison of Weighted Mean Temperature in Greenland Calculated by Four Reanalysis Data |
title_full_unstemmed |
Comparison of Weighted Mean Temperature in Greenland Calculated by Four Reanalysis Data |
title_sort |
comparison of weighted mean temperature in greenland calculated by four reanalysis data |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215431 |
op_coverage |
agris |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(12.615,12.615,65.816,65.816) |
geographic |
Greenland Merra |
geographic_facet |
Greenland Merra |
genre |
Greenland |
genre_facet |
Greenland |
op_source |
Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 21; Pages: 5431 |
op_relation |
Atmospheric Remote Sensing https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215431 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215431 |
container_title |
Remote Sensing |
container_volume |
14 |
container_issue |
21 |
container_start_page |
5431 |
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1774718180776738816 |