On the Generalization Ability of Data-Driven Models in the Problem of Total Cloud Cover Retrieval
Total Cloud Cover (TCC) retrieval from ground-based optical imagery is a problem that has been tackled by several generations of researchers. The number of human-designed algorithms for the estimation of TCC grows every year. However, there has been no considerable progress in terms of quality, most...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/2/326/ 2023-08-20T04:05:01+02:00 On the Generalization Ability of Data-Driven Models in the Problem of Total Cloud Cover Retrieval Mikhail Krinitskiy Marina Aleksandrova Polina Verezemskaya Sergey Gulev Alexey Sinitsyn Nadezhda Kovaleva Alexander Gavrikov agris 2021-01-19 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020326 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Atmospheric Remote Sensing https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13020326 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 2; Pages: 326 total cloud cover all-sky camera algorithms assessment neural networks machine learning data-driven approach Text 2021 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020326 2023-08-01T00:53:48Z Total Cloud Cover (TCC) retrieval from ground-based optical imagery is a problem that has been tackled by several generations of researchers. The number of human-designed algorithms for the estimation of TCC grows every year. However, there has been no considerable progress in terms of quality, mostly due to the lack of systematic approach to the design of the algorithms, to the assessment of their generalization ability, and to the assessment of the TCC retrieval quality. In this study, we discuss the optimization nature of data-driven schemes for TCC retrieval. In order to compare the algorithms, we propose a framework for the assessment of the algorithms’ characteristics. We present several new algorithms that are based on deep learning techniques: A model for outliers filtering, and a few models for TCC retrieval from all-sky imagery. For training and assessment of data-driven algorithms of this study, we present the Dataset of All-Sky Imagery over the Ocean (DASIO) containing over one million all-sky optical images of the visible sky dome taken in various regions of the world ocean. The research campaigns that contributed to the DASIO collection took place in the Atlantic ocean, the Indian ocean, the Red and Mediterranean seas, and the Arctic ocean. Optical imagery collected during these missions are accompanied by standard meteorological observations of cloudiness characteristics made by experienced observers. We assess the generalization ability of the presented models in several scenarios that differ in terms of the regions selected for the train and test subsets. As a result, we demonstrate that our models based on convolutional neural networks deliver a superior quality compared to all previously published approaches. As a key result, we demonstrate a considerable drop in the ability to generalize the training data in the case of a strong covariate shift between the training and test subsets of imagery which may occur in the case of region-aware subsampling. Text Arctic Arctic Ocean MDPI Open Access Publishing Arctic Arctic Ocean Indian Remote Sensing 13 2 326 |
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Open Polar |
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MDPI Open Access Publishing |
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ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
total cloud cover all-sky camera algorithms assessment neural networks machine learning data-driven approach |
spellingShingle |
total cloud cover all-sky camera algorithms assessment neural networks machine learning data-driven approach Mikhail Krinitskiy Marina Aleksandrova Polina Verezemskaya Sergey Gulev Alexey Sinitsyn Nadezhda Kovaleva Alexander Gavrikov On the Generalization Ability of Data-Driven Models in the Problem of Total Cloud Cover Retrieval |
topic_facet |
total cloud cover all-sky camera algorithms assessment neural networks machine learning data-driven approach |
description |
Total Cloud Cover (TCC) retrieval from ground-based optical imagery is a problem that has been tackled by several generations of researchers. The number of human-designed algorithms for the estimation of TCC grows every year. However, there has been no considerable progress in terms of quality, mostly due to the lack of systematic approach to the design of the algorithms, to the assessment of their generalization ability, and to the assessment of the TCC retrieval quality. In this study, we discuss the optimization nature of data-driven schemes for TCC retrieval. In order to compare the algorithms, we propose a framework for the assessment of the algorithms’ characteristics. We present several new algorithms that are based on deep learning techniques: A model for outliers filtering, and a few models for TCC retrieval from all-sky imagery. For training and assessment of data-driven algorithms of this study, we present the Dataset of All-Sky Imagery over the Ocean (DASIO) containing over one million all-sky optical images of the visible sky dome taken in various regions of the world ocean. The research campaigns that contributed to the DASIO collection took place in the Atlantic ocean, the Indian ocean, the Red and Mediterranean seas, and the Arctic ocean. Optical imagery collected during these missions are accompanied by standard meteorological observations of cloudiness characteristics made by experienced observers. We assess the generalization ability of the presented models in several scenarios that differ in terms of the regions selected for the train and test subsets. As a result, we demonstrate that our models based on convolutional neural networks deliver a superior quality compared to all previously published approaches. As a key result, we demonstrate a considerable drop in the ability to generalize the training data in the case of a strong covariate shift between the training and test subsets of imagery which may occur in the case of region-aware subsampling. |
format |
Text |
author |
Mikhail Krinitskiy Marina Aleksandrova Polina Verezemskaya Sergey Gulev Alexey Sinitsyn Nadezhda Kovaleva Alexander Gavrikov |
author_facet |
Mikhail Krinitskiy Marina Aleksandrova Polina Verezemskaya Sergey Gulev Alexey Sinitsyn Nadezhda Kovaleva Alexander Gavrikov |
author_sort |
Mikhail Krinitskiy |
title |
On the Generalization Ability of Data-Driven Models in the Problem of Total Cloud Cover Retrieval |
title_short |
On the Generalization Ability of Data-Driven Models in the Problem of Total Cloud Cover Retrieval |
title_full |
On the Generalization Ability of Data-Driven Models in the Problem of Total Cloud Cover Retrieval |
title_fullStr |
On the Generalization Ability of Data-Driven Models in the Problem of Total Cloud Cover Retrieval |
title_full_unstemmed |
On the Generalization Ability of Data-Driven Models in the Problem of Total Cloud Cover Retrieval |
title_sort |
on the generalization ability of data-driven models in the problem of total cloud cover retrieval |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020326 |
op_coverage |
agris |
geographic |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Indian |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Indian |
genre |
Arctic Arctic Ocean |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean |
op_source |
Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 2; Pages: 326 |
op_relation |
Atmospheric Remote Sensing https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13020326 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020326 |
container_title |
Remote Sensing |
container_volume |
13 |
container_issue |
2 |
container_start_page |
326 |
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1774715444619378688 |