Analytical Computation of the Spatial Resolution in GNSS-R and Experimental Validation at L1 and L5
Global navigation satellite systems reflectometry (GNSS-R) is a relatively novel remote sensing technique, but it can be understood as a multi-static radar using satellite navigation signals as signals of opportunity. The scattered signals over sea ice, flooded areas, and even under dense vegetation...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/23/3910/ 2023-08-20T04:09:45+02:00 Analytical Computation of the Spatial Resolution in GNSS-R and Experimental Validation at L1 and L5 Adriano Camps Joan Francesc Munoz-Martin agris 2020-11-28 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12233910 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233910 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 23; Pages: 3910 GNSS-R spatial resolution diffraction experiment airborne L1 L5 Text 2020 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12233910 2023-08-01T00:33:11Z Global navigation satellite systems reflectometry (GNSS-R) is a relatively novel remote sensing technique, but it can be understood as a multi-static radar using satellite navigation signals as signals of opportunity. The scattered signals over sea ice, flooded areas, and even under dense vegetation show a detectable coherent component that can be separated from the incoherent component and processed accordingly. This work derives an analytical formulation of the response of a GNSS-R instrument to a step function in the reflectivity using well-known principles of electromagnetic theory. The evaluation of the spatial resolution then requires a numerical evaluation of the proposed equations, as the width of the transition depends on the reflectivity values of two regions. However, it is found that results are fairly constant over a wide range of reflectivities, and they only vary faster for very high or very low reflectivity gradients. The predicted step response is then satisfactorily compared to airborne experimental results at L1 (1575.42 MHz) and L5 (1176.45 MHz) bands, acquired over a water reservoir south of Melbourne, in terms of width and ringing, and several examples are provided when the transition occurs from land to a rough ocean surface, where the coherent scattering component is no longer dominant. Text Sea ice MDPI Open Access Publishing Remote Sensing 12 23 3910 |
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Open Polar |
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MDPI Open Access Publishing |
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ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
GNSS-R spatial resolution diffraction experiment airborne L1 L5 |
spellingShingle |
GNSS-R spatial resolution diffraction experiment airborne L1 L5 Adriano Camps Joan Francesc Munoz-Martin Analytical Computation of the Spatial Resolution in GNSS-R and Experimental Validation at L1 and L5 |
topic_facet |
GNSS-R spatial resolution diffraction experiment airborne L1 L5 |
description |
Global navigation satellite systems reflectometry (GNSS-R) is a relatively novel remote sensing technique, but it can be understood as a multi-static radar using satellite navigation signals as signals of opportunity. The scattered signals over sea ice, flooded areas, and even under dense vegetation show a detectable coherent component that can be separated from the incoherent component and processed accordingly. This work derives an analytical formulation of the response of a GNSS-R instrument to a step function in the reflectivity using well-known principles of electromagnetic theory. The evaluation of the spatial resolution then requires a numerical evaluation of the proposed equations, as the width of the transition depends on the reflectivity values of two regions. However, it is found that results are fairly constant over a wide range of reflectivities, and they only vary faster for very high or very low reflectivity gradients. The predicted step response is then satisfactorily compared to airborne experimental results at L1 (1575.42 MHz) and L5 (1176.45 MHz) bands, acquired over a water reservoir south of Melbourne, in terms of width and ringing, and several examples are provided when the transition occurs from land to a rough ocean surface, where the coherent scattering component is no longer dominant. |
format |
Text |
author |
Adriano Camps Joan Francesc Munoz-Martin |
author_facet |
Adriano Camps Joan Francesc Munoz-Martin |
author_sort |
Adriano Camps |
title |
Analytical Computation of the Spatial Resolution in GNSS-R and Experimental Validation at L1 and L5 |
title_short |
Analytical Computation of the Spatial Resolution in GNSS-R and Experimental Validation at L1 and L5 |
title_full |
Analytical Computation of the Spatial Resolution in GNSS-R and Experimental Validation at L1 and L5 |
title_fullStr |
Analytical Computation of the Spatial Resolution in GNSS-R and Experimental Validation at L1 and L5 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Analytical Computation of the Spatial Resolution in GNSS-R and Experimental Validation at L1 and L5 |
title_sort |
analytical computation of the spatial resolution in gnss-r and experimental validation at l1 and l5 |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12233910 |
op_coverage |
agris |
genre |
Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Sea ice |
op_source |
Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 23; Pages: 3910 |
op_relation |
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233910 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12233910 |
container_title |
Remote Sensing |
container_volume |
12 |
container_issue |
23 |
container_start_page |
3910 |
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1774723422710923264 |