The Roles of Wind and Sea Ice in Driving the Deglacial Change in the Southern Ocean Upwelling: A Modeling Study
The Southern Ocean (SO) played a fundamental role in the deglacial climate system by exchanging carbon-rich deep ocean water with the surface. The contribution of the SO’s physical mechanisms toward improving our understanding of SO upwelling’s dynamical changes is developing. Here, we investigated...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/2071-1050/13/1/353/ 2023-08-20T04:02:22+02:00 The Roles of Wind and Sea Ice in Driving the Deglacial Change in the Southern Ocean Upwelling: A Modeling Study Gagan Mandal Shih-Yu Lee Jia-Yuh Yu agris 2021-01-02 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010353 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Air, Climate Change and Sustainability https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010353 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Sustainability; Volume 13; Issue 1; Pages: 353 Southern Ocean upwelling sea ice buoyancy forcing wind stress last deglaciation Text 2021 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010353 2023-08-01T00:47:41Z The Southern Ocean (SO) played a fundamental role in the deglacial climate system by exchanging carbon-rich deep ocean water with the surface. The contribution of the SO’s physical mechanisms toward improving our understanding of SO upwelling’s dynamical changes is developing. Here, we investigated the simulated transient SO atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice evolution during the last deglaciation in a fully coupled Earth system model. Our results showed that decreases in SO upwelling followed the weakening of the Southern Hemisphere surface westerlies, wind stress forcing, and Antarctic sea ice coverage from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Heinrich Stadial 1 and the Younger Dryas. Our results support the idea that the SO upwelling is primarily driven by wind stress forcing. However, during the onset of the Holocene, SO upwelling increased while the strength of the wind stress decreased. The Antarctic sea ice change controlled the salt and freshwater fluxes, ocean density, and buoyancy flux, thereby influencing the SO’s dynamics. Our study highlighted the dynamic linkage of the Southern Hemisphere westerlies, ocean, and sea ice in the SO’s latitudes. Furthermore, it emphasized that zonal wind stress forcing and buoyancy forcing control by sea ice together regulate the change in the SO upwelling. Text Antarc* Antarctic Sea ice Southern Ocean MDPI Open Access Publishing Antarctic Southern Ocean The Antarctic Sustainability 13 1 353 |
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Open Polar |
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MDPI Open Access Publishing |
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ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
Southern Ocean upwelling sea ice buoyancy forcing wind stress last deglaciation |
spellingShingle |
Southern Ocean upwelling sea ice buoyancy forcing wind stress last deglaciation Gagan Mandal Shih-Yu Lee Jia-Yuh Yu The Roles of Wind and Sea Ice in Driving the Deglacial Change in the Southern Ocean Upwelling: A Modeling Study |
topic_facet |
Southern Ocean upwelling sea ice buoyancy forcing wind stress last deglaciation |
description |
The Southern Ocean (SO) played a fundamental role in the deglacial climate system by exchanging carbon-rich deep ocean water with the surface. The contribution of the SO’s physical mechanisms toward improving our understanding of SO upwelling’s dynamical changes is developing. Here, we investigated the simulated transient SO atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice evolution during the last deglaciation in a fully coupled Earth system model. Our results showed that decreases in SO upwelling followed the weakening of the Southern Hemisphere surface westerlies, wind stress forcing, and Antarctic sea ice coverage from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Heinrich Stadial 1 and the Younger Dryas. Our results support the idea that the SO upwelling is primarily driven by wind stress forcing. However, during the onset of the Holocene, SO upwelling increased while the strength of the wind stress decreased. The Antarctic sea ice change controlled the salt and freshwater fluxes, ocean density, and buoyancy flux, thereby influencing the SO’s dynamics. Our study highlighted the dynamic linkage of the Southern Hemisphere westerlies, ocean, and sea ice in the SO’s latitudes. Furthermore, it emphasized that zonal wind stress forcing and buoyancy forcing control by sea ice together regulate the change in the SO upwelling. |
format |
Text |
author |
Gagan Mandal Shih-Yu Lee Jia-Yuh Yu |
author_facet |
Gagan Mandal Shih-Yu Lee Jia-Yuh Yu |
author_sort |
Gagan Mandal |
title |
The Roles of Wind and Sea Ice in Driving the Deglacial Change in the Southern Ocean Upwelling: A Modeling Study |
title_short |
The Roles of Wind and Sea Ice in Driving the Deglacial Change in the Southern Ocean Upwelling: A Modeling Study |
title_full |
The Roles of Wind and Sea Ice in Driving the Deglacial Change in the Southern Ocean Upwelling: A Modeling Study |
title_fullStr |
The Roles of Wind and Sea Ice in Driving the Deglacial Change in the Southern Ocean Upwelling: A Modeling Study |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Roles of Wind and Sea Ice in Driving the Deglacial Change in the Southern Ocean Upwelling: A Modeling Study |
title_sort |
roles of wind and sea ice in driving the deglacial change in the southern ocean upwelling: a modeling study |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010353 |
op_coverage |
agris |
geographic |
Antarctic Southern Ocean The Antarctic |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic Southern Ocean The Antarctic |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic Sea ice Southern Ocean |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic Sea ice Southern Ocean |
op_source |
Sustainability; Volume 13; Issue 1; Pages: 353 |
op_relation |
Air, Climate Change and Sustainability https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010353 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010353 |
container_title |
Sustainability |
container_volume |
13 |
container_issue |
1 |
container_start_page |
353 |
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1774712786373312512 |