No Evidence of the Vertical Transmission of Non-Virulent Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV-HPR0) in Farmed Atlantic Salmon
The nonvirulent infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV-HPR0) is the putative progenitor for virulent-ISAV, and a potential risk factor for the development of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA). Understanding the transmission dynamics of ISAV-HPR0 is fundamental to proper management and mitigation strate...
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Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
2021
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3390/v13122428 |
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4915/13/12/2428/ 2023-08-20T04:05:18+02:00 No Evidence of the Vertical Transmission of Non-Virulent Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV-HPR0) in Farmed Atlantic Salmon Debes Hammershaimb Christiansen Petra Elisabeth Petersen Maria Marjunardóttir Dahl Nicolina Vest Maria Aamelfot Anja Bråthen Kristoffersen Mona Dverdal Jansen Iveta Matejusova Michael D. Gallagher Gísli Jónsson Eduardo Rodriguez Johanna Hol Fosse Knut Falk agris 2021-12-03 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/v13122428 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Animal Viruses https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13122428 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Viruses; Volume 13; Issue 12; Pages: 2428 aquaculture orthomyxoviridae isavirus ISAV-HPR0 transmission pathways epidemiology house-strains viral fitness Text 2021 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/v13122428 2023-08-01T03:27:02Z The nonvirulent infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV-HPR0) is the putative progenitor for virulent-ISAV, and a potential risk factor for the development of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA). Understanding the transmission dynamics of ISAV-HPR0 is fundamental to proper management and mitigation strategies. Here, we demonstrate that ISAV-HPR0 causes prevalent and transient infections in all three production stages of Atlantic salmon in the Faroe Islands. Phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin-esterase gene from 247 salmon showed a clear geographical structuring into two significantly distinct HPR0-subgroups, which were designated G2 and G4. Whereas G2 and G4 co-circulated in marine farms, Faroese broodfish were predominantly infected by G2, and smolt were predominantly infected by G4. This infection pattern was confirmed by our G2- and G4-specific RT-qPCR assays. Moreover, the HPR0 variants detected in Icelandic and Norwegian broodfish were never detected in the Faroe Islands, despite the extensive import of ova from both countries. Accordingly, the vertical transmission of HPR0 from broodfish to progeny is uncommon. Phylogenetic and statistical analysis suggest that HPR0 persists in the smolt farms as “house-strains”, and that new HPR0 variants are occasionally introduced from the marine environment, probably by HPR0-contaminated sea-spray. Thus, high biosecurity—including water and air intake—is required to avoid the introduction of pathogens to the smolt farms. Text Atlantic salmon Faroe Islands MDPI Open Access Publishing Faroe Islands Viruses 13 12 2428 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
MDPI Open Access Publishing |
op_collection_id |
ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
aquaculture orthomyxoviridae isavirus ISAV-HPR0 transmission pathways epidemiology house-strains viral fitness |
spellingShingle |
aquaculture orthomyxoviridae isavirus ISAV-HPR0 transmission pathways epidemiology house-strains viral fitness Debes Hammershaimb Christiansen Petra Elisabeth Petersen Maria Marjunardóttir Dahl Nicolina Vest Maria Aamelfot Anja Bråthen Kristoffersen Mona Dverdal Jansen Iveta Matejusova Michael D. Gallagher Gísli Jónsson Eduardo Rodriguez Johanna Hol Fosse Knut Falk No Evidence of the Vertical Transmission of Non-Virulent Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV-HPR0) in Farmed Atlantic Salmon |
topic_facet |
aquaculture orthomyxoviridae isavirus ISAV-HPR0 transmission pathways epidemiology house-strains viral fitness |
description |
The nonvirulent infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV-HPR0) is the putative progenitor for virulent-ISAV, and a potential risk factor for the development of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA). Understanding the transmission dynamics of ISAV-HPR0 is fundamental to proper management and mitigation strategies. Here, we demonstrate that ISAV-HPR0 causes prevalent and transient infections in all three production stages of Atlantic salmon in the Faroe Islands. Phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin-esterase gene from 247 salmon showed a clear geographical structuring into two significantly distinct HPR0-subgroups, which were designated G2 and G4. Whereas G2 and G4 co-circulated in marine farms, Faroese broodfish were predominantly infected by G2, and smolt were predominantly infected by G4. This infection pattern was confirmed by our G2- and G4-specific RT-qPCR assays. Moreover, the HPR0 variants detected in Icelandic and Norwegian broodfish were never detected in the Faroe Islands, despite the extensive import of ova from both countries. Accordingly, the vertical transmission of HPR0 from broodfish to progeny is uncommon. Phylogenetic and statistical analysis suggest that HPR0 persists in the smolt farms as “house-strains”, and that new HPR0 variants are occasionally introduced from the marine environment, probably by HPR0-contaminated sea-spray. Thus, high biosecurity—including water and air intake—is required to avoid the introduction of pathogens to the smolt farms. |
format |
Text |
author |
Debes Hammershaimb Christiansen Petra Elisabeth Petersen Maria Marjunardóttir Dahl Nicolina Vest Maria Aamelfot Anja Bråthen Kristoffersen Mona Dverdal Jansen Iveta Matejusova Michael D. Gallagher Gísli Jónsson Eduardo Rodriguez Johanna Hol Fosse Knut Falk |
author_facet |
Debes Hammershaimb Christiansen Petra Elisabeth Petersen Maria Marjunardóttir Dahl Nicolina Vest Maria Aamelfot Anja Bråthen Kristoffersen Mona Dverdal Jansen Iveta Matejusova Michael D. Gallagher Gísli Jónsson Eduardo Rodriguez Johanna Hol Fosse Knut Falk |
author_sort |
Debes Hammershaimb Christiansen |
title |
No Evidence of the Vertical Transmission of Non-Virulent Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV-HPR0) in Farmed Atlantic Salmon |
title_short |
No Evidence of the Vertical Transmission of Non-Virulent Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV-HPR0) in Farmed Atlantic Salmon |
title_full |
No Evidence of the Vertical Transmission of Non-Virulent Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV-HPR0) in Farmed Atlantic Salmon |
title_fullStr |
No Evidence of the Vertical Transmission of Non-Virulent Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV-HPR0) in Farmed Atlantic Salmon |
title_full_unstemmed |
No Evidence of the Vertical Transmission of Non-Virulent Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV-HPR0) in Farmed Atlantic Salmon |
title_sort |
no evidence of the vertical transmission of non-virulent infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav-hpr0) in farmed atlantic salmon |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/v13122428 |
op_coverage |
agris |
geographic |
Faroe Islands |
geographic_facet |
Faroe Islands |
genre |
Atlantic salmon Faroe Islands |
genre_facet |
Atlantic salmon Faroe Islands |
op_source |
Viruses; Volume 13; Issue 12; Pages: 2428 |
op_relation |
Animal Viruses https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13122428 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/v13122428 |
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Viruses |
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13 |
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12 |
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2428 |
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