First Report of Two Gymnodimines and Two Tetrodotoxin Analogues in Invertebrates from the North Atlantic Coast of Spain
Gymnodimine D (GYM D), 16-desmethyl gymnodimine D (16-desmethyl GYM D), and two tetrodotoxin analogues have been found in invertebrates obtained from the north Atlantic coast of Spain from May 2021 to October 2022. It is the first report of GYMD and 16-desmethyl GYM D in invertebrates worldwide and...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/1660-3397/21/4/232/ 2023-08-20T04:08:14+02:00 First Report of Two Gymnodimines and Two Tetrodotoxin Analogues in Invertebrates from the North Atlantic Coast of Spain Araceli E. Rossignoli Carmen Mariño Helena Martín Juan Blanco agris 2023-04-05 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/md21040232 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Marine Toxins https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md21040232 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Marine Drugs; Volume 21; Issue 4; Pages: 232 Gymnodimines LC-MS/MS new vectors Spain tetrodotoxins Text 2023 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/md21040232 2023-08-01T09:34:54Z Gymnodimine D (GYM D), 16-desmethyl gymnodimine D (16-desmethyl GYM D), and two tetrodotoxin analogues have been found in invertebrates obtained from the north Atlantic coast of Spain from May 2021 to October 2022. It is the first report of GYMD and 16-desmethyl GYM D in invertebrates worldwide and of the tetrodotoxin analogues, 5,6,11 trideoxy tetrodotoxin (5,6,11 trideoxy TTX) and its isomer (referred to as 5,6,11 trideoxy-epi-TTX), in the north Atlantic Coast of Spain. In this study, we also report for the first time the detection of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in three species (the cnidaria Calliactis parasitica, an unidentified species, and the bivalve Tellina donacina). The prevalence was medium for GYM D and 16-desmethyl GYM D and low for TTXs overall. The concentrations recorded were variable, with maximum values of GYM D in the bivalve Cerastoderma edule (8.8 μg GYM A equivalents kg−1), of 16-desmethyl GYM D in the bivalve Magellana gigas (10 μg GYM A equivalents kg−1) and of TTX and 5,6,11 trideoxy TTX in the cnidaria C. parasitica (49.7 and 233 μg TTX equivalents kg−1, respectively). There is very scarce information about these compounds. Therefore, the reporting of these new detections will increase the knowledge on the current incidence of marine toxins in Europe that the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), in particular, and the scientific community, in general, have. This study also highlights the importance of analyzing toxin analogues and metabolites for effective monitoring programs and adequate health protection. Text North Atlantic MDPI Open Access Publishing Marine Drugs 21 4 232 |
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MDPI Open Access Publishing |
op_collection_id |
ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
Gymnodimines LC-MS/MS new vectors Spain tetrodotoxins |
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Gymnodimines LC-MS/MS new vectors Spain tetrodotoxins Araceli E. Rossignoli Carmen Mariño Helena Martín Juan Blanco First Report of Two Gymnodimines and Two Tetrodotoxin Analogues in Invertebrates from the North Atlantic Coast of Spain |
topic_facet |
Gymnodimines LC-MS/MS new vectors Spain tetrodotoxins |
description |
Gymnodimine D (GYM D), 16-desmethyl gymnodimine D (16-desmethyl GYM D), and two tetrodotoxin analogues have been found in invertebrates obtained from the north Atlantic coast of Spain from May 2021 to October 2022. It is the first report of GYMD and 16-desmethyl GYM D in invertebrates worldwide and of the tetrodotoxin analogues, 5,6,11 trideoxy tetrodotoxin (5,6,11 trideoxy TTX) and its isomer (referred to as 5,6,11 trideoxy-epi-TTX), in the north Atlantic Coast of Spain. In this study, we also report for the first time the detection of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in three species (the cnidaria Calliactis parasitica, an unidentified species, and the bivalve Tellina donacina). The prevalence was medium for GYM D and 16-desmethyl GYM D and low for TTXs overall. The concentrations recorded were variable, with maximum values of GYM D in the bivalve Cerastoderma edule (8.8 μg GYM A equivalents kg−1), of 16-desmethyl GYM D in the bivalve Magellana gigas (10 μg GYM A equivalents kg−1) and of TTX and 5,6,11 trideoxy TTX in the cnidaria C. parasitica (49.7 and 233 μg TTX equivalents kg−1, respectively). There is very scarce information about these compounds. Therefore, the reporting of these new detections will increase the knowledge on the current incidence of marine toxins in Europe that the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), in particular, and the scientific community, in general, have. This study also highlights the importance of analyzing toxin analogues and metabolites for effective monitoring programs and adequate health protection. |
format |
Text |
author |
Araceli E. Rossignoli Carmen Mariño Helena Martín Juan Blanco |
author_facet |
Araceli E. Rossignoli Carmen Mariño Helena Martín Juan Blanco |
author_sort |
Araceli E. Rossignoli |
title |
First Report of Two Gymnodimines and Two Tetrodotoxin Analogues in Invertebrates from the North Atlantic Coast of Spain |
title_short |
First Report of Two Gymnodimines and Two Tetrodotoxin Analogues in Invertebrates from the North Atlantic Coast of Spain |
title_full |
First Report of Two Gymnodimines and Two Tetrodotoxin Analogues in Invertebrates from the North Atlantic Coast of Spain |
title_fullStr |
First Report of Two Gymnodimines and Two Tetrodotoxin Analogues in Invertebrates from the North Atlantic Coast of Spain |
title_full_unstemmed |
First Report of Two Gymnodimines and Two Tetrodotoxin Analogues in Invertebrates from the North Atlantic Coast of Spain |
title_sort |
first report of two gymnodimines and two tetrodotoxin analogues in invertebrates from the north atlantic coast of spain |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/md21040232 |
op_coverage |
agris |
genre |
North Atlantic |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic |
op_source |
Marine Drugs; Volume 21; Issue 4; Pages: 232 |
op_relation |
Marine Toxins https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md21040232 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/md21040232 |
container_title |
Marine Drugs |
container_volume |
21 |
container_issue |
4 |
container_start_page |
232 |
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1774720401617715200 |