Stability of Domoic Acid in 50% Methanol Extracts and Raw Fecal Material from Bowhead Whales (Balaena mysticetus)
Domoic acid (DA), the toxin causing amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), is produced globally by some diatoms in the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. DA has been detected in several marine mammal species in the Alaskan Arctic, raising health concerns for marine mammals and subsistence communities dependent upo...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/1660-3397/19/8/423/ 2023-08-20T04:04:55+02:00 Stability of Domoic Acid in 50% Methanol Extracts and Raw Fecal Material from Bowhead Whales (Balaena mysticetus) Emily K. Bowers Raphaela Stimmelmayr Kathi A. Lefebvre agris 2021-07-27 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/md19080423 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19080423 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Marine Drugs; Volume 19; Issue 8; Pages: 423 marine mammals toxin degradation harmful algal bloom toxins storage conditions ELISA domoic acid Text 2021 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/md19080423 2023-08-01T02:17:06Z Domoic acid (DA), the toxin causing amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), is produced globally by some diatoms in the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. DA has been detected in several marine mammal species in the Alaskan Arctic, raising health concerns for marine mammals and subsistence communities dependent upon them. Gastrointestinal matrices are routinely used to detect Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) toxin presence in marine mammals, yet DA stability has only been studied extensively in shellfish-related matrices. To address this knowledge gap, we quantified DA in bowhead whale fecal samples at multiple time points for two groups: (1) 50% methanol extracts from feces, and (2) raw feces stored in several conditions. DA concentrations decreased to 70 ± 7.1% of time zero (T0) in the 50% methanol extracts after 2 weeks, but remained steady until the final time point at 5 weeks (66 ± 5.7% T0). In contrast, DA concentrations were stable or increased in raw fecal material after 8 weeks of freezer storage (−20 °C), at room temperature (RT) in the dark, or refrigerated at 1 °C. DA concentrations in raw feces stored in an incubator (37 °C) or at RT in the light decreased to 77 ± 2.8% and 90 ± 15.0% T0 at 8 weeks, respectively. Evaporation during storage of raw fecal material is a likely cause of the increased DA concentrations observed over time with the highest increase to 126 ± 7.6% T0 after 3.2 years of frozen storage. These results provide valuable information for developing appropriate sample storage procedures for marine mammal fecal samples. Text Arctic Balaena mysticetus bowhead whale MDPI Open Access Publishing Arctic Marine Drugs 19 8 423 |
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Open Polar |
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MDPI Open Access Publishing |
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English |
topic |
marine mammals toxin degradation harmful algal bloom toxins storage conditions ELISA domoic acid |
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marine mammals toxin degradation harmful algal bloom toxins storage conditions ELISA domoic acid Emily K. Bowers Raphaela Stimmelmayr Kathi A. Lefebvre Stability of Domoic Acid in 50% Methanol Extracts and Raw Fecal Material from Bowhead Whales (Balaena mysticetus) |
topic_facet |
marine mammals toxin degradation harmful algal bloom toxins storage conditions ELISA domoic acid |
description |
Domoic acid (DA), the toxin causing amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), is produced globally by some diatoms in the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. DA has been detected in several marine mammal species in the Alaskan Arctic, raising health concerns for marine mammals and subsistence communities dependent upon them. Gastrointestinal matrices are routinely used to detect Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) toxin presence in marine mammals, yet DA stability has only been studied extensively in shellfish-related matrices. To address this knowledge gap, we quantified DA in bowhead whale fecal samples at multiple time points for two groups: (1) 50% methanol extracts from feces, and (2) raw feces stored in several conditions. DA concentrations decreased to 70 ± 7.1% of time zero (T0) in the 50% methanol extracts after 2 weeks, but remained steady until the final time point at 5 weeks (66 ± 5.7% T0). In contrast, DA concentrations were stable or increased in raw fecal material after 8 weeks of freezer storage (−20 °C), at room temperature (RT) in the dark, or refrigerated at 1 °C. DA concentrations in raw feces stored in an incubator (37 °C) or at RT in the light decreased to 77 ± 2.8% and 90 ± 15.0% T0 at 8 weeks, respectively. Evaporation during storage of raw fecal material is a likely cause of the increased DA concentrations observed over time with the highest increase to 126 ± 7.6% T0 after 3.2 years of frozen storage. These results provide valuable information for developing appropriate sample storage procedures for marine mammal fecal samples. |
format |
Text |
author |
Emily K. Bowers Raphaela Stimmelmayr Kathi A. Lefebvre |
author_facet |
Emily K. Bowers Raphaela Stimmelmayr Kathi A. Lefebvre |
author_sort |
Emily K. Bowers |
title |
Stability of Domoic Acid in 50% Methanol Extracts and Raw Fecal Material from Bowhead Whales (Balaena mysticetus) |
title_short |
Stability of Domoic Acid in 50% Methanol Extracts and Raw Fecal Material from Bowhead Whales (Balaena mysticetus) |
title_full |
Stability of Domoic Acid in 50% Methanol Extracts and Raw Fecal Material from Bowhead Whales (Balaena mysticetus) |
title_fullStr |
Stability of Domoic Acid in 50% Methanol Extracts and Raw Fecal Material from Bowhead Whales (Balaena mysticetus) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Stability of Domoic Acid in 50% Methanol Extracts and Raw Fecal Material from Bowhead Whales (Balaena mysticetus) |
title_sort |
stability of domoic acid in 50% methanol extracts and raw fecal material from bowhead whales (balaena mysticetus) |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/md19080423 |
op_coverage |
agris |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic Balaena mysticetus bowhead whale |
genre_facet |
Arctic Balaena mysticetus bowhead whale |
op_source |
Marine Drugs; Volume 19; Issue 8; Pages: 423 |
op_relation |
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19080423 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/md19080423 |
container_title |
Marine Drugs |
container_volume |
19 |
container_issue |
8 |
container_start_page |
423 |
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