Sterol Composition of Sponges, Cnidarians, Arthropods, Mollusks, and Echinoderms from the Deep Northwest Atlantic: A Comparison with Shallow Coastal Gulf of Mexico
Triterpenoid biosynthesis is generally anaerobic in bacteria and aerobic in Eukarya. The major class of triterpenoids in bacteria, the hopanoids, is different to that in Eukarya, the lanostanoids, and their 4,4,14-demethylated derivatives, sterols. In the deep sea, the prokaryotic contribution to pr...
Published in: | Marine Drugs |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , |
Format: | Text |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
2020
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3390/md18120598 |
id |
ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/1660-3397/18/12/598/ |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/1660-3397/18/12/598/ 2023-08-20T04:08:48+02:00 Sterol Composition of Sponges, Cnidarians, Arthropods, Mollusks, and Echinoderms from the Deep Northwest Atlantic: A Comparison with Shallow Coastal Gulf of Mexico Laura Carreón-Palau Nurgül Şen Özdemir Christopher C. Parrish Camilla Parzanini agris 2020-11-27 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/md18120598 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18120598 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Marine Drugs; Volume 18; Issue 12; Pages: 598 Thenea muricata Aplysina sp. Pseudoanthomastus agaricus Montastraea cavernosa Buccinum sp. Pasiphaea tarda Phormosoma placenta Echinometra lucunter sterols gas chromatography mass spectrometry Text 2020 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/md18120598 2023-08-01T00:32:41Z Triterpenoid biosynthesis is generally anaerobic in bacteria and aerobic in Eukarya. The major class of triterpenoids in bacteria, the hopanoids, is different to that in Eukarya, the lanostanoids, and their 4,4,14-demethylated derivatives, sterols. In the deep sea, the prokaryotic contribution to primary productivity has been suggested to be higher because local environmental conditions prevent classic photosynthetic processes from occurring. Sterols have been used as trophic biomarkers because primary producers have different compositions, and they are incorporated in primary consumer tissues. In the present study, we inferred food supply to deep sea, sponges, cnidarians, mollusks, crustaceans, and echinoderms from euphotic zone production which is driven by phytoplankton eukaryotic autotrophy. Sterol composition was obtained by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Moreover, we compared the sterol composition of three phyla (i.e., Porifera, Cnidaria, and Echinodermata) collected between a deep and cold-water region and a shallow tropical area. We hypothesized that the sterol composition of shallow tropical benthic organisms would better reflect their photoautotrophic sources independently of the taxonomy. Shallow tropical sponges and cnidarians from environments showed plant and zooxanthellae sterols in their tissues, while their deep-sea counterparts showed phytoplankton and zooplankton sterols. In contrast, echinoids, a class of echinoderms, the most complex phylum along with hemichordates and chordates (deuterostomes), did not show significant differences in their sterol profile, suggesting that cholesterol synthesis is present in deuterostomes other than chordates. Text Northwest Atlantic MDPI Open Access Publishing Marine Drugs 18 12 598 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
MDPI Open Access Publishing |
op_collection_id |
ftmdpi |
language |
English |
topic |
Thenea muricata Aplysina sp. Pseudoanthomastus agaricus Montastraea cavernosa Buccinum sp. Pasiphaea tarda Phormosoma placenta Echinometra lucunter sterols gas chromatography mass spectrometry |
spellingShingle |
Thenea muricata Aplysina sp. Pseudoanthomastus agaricus Montastraea cavernosa Buccinum sp. Pasiphaea tarda Phormosoma placenta Echinometra lucunter sterols gas chromatography mass spectrometry Laura Carreón-Palau Nurgül Şen Özdemir Christopher C. Parrish Camilla Parzanini Sterol Composition of Sponges, Cnidarians, Arthropods, Mollusks, and Echinoderms from the Deep Northwest Atlantic: A Comparison with Shallow Coastal Gulf of Mexico |
topic_facet |
Thenea muricata Aplysina sp. Pseudoanthomastus agaricus Montastraea cavernosa Buccinum sp. Pasiphaea tarda Phormosoma placenta Echinometra lucunter sterols gas chromatography mass spectrometry |
description |
Triterpenoid biosynthesis is generally anaerobic in bacteria and aerobic in Eukarya. The major class of triterpenoids in bacteria, the hopanoids, is different to that in Eukarya, the lanostanoids, and their 4,4,14-demethylated derivatives, sterols. In the deep sea, the prokaryotic contribution to primary productivity has been suggested to be higher because local environmental conditions prevent classic photosynthetic processes from occurring. Sterols have been used as trophic biomarkers because primary producers have different compositions, and they are incorporated in primary consumer tissues. In the present study, we inferred food supply to deep sea, sponges, cnidarians, mollusks, crustaceans, and echinoderms from euphotic zone production which is driven by phytoplankton eukaryotic autotrophy. Sterol composition was obtained by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Moreover, we compared the sterol composition of three phyla (i.e., Porifera, Cnidaria, and Echinodermata) collected between a deep and cold-water region and a shallow tropical area. We hypothesized that the sterol composition of shallow tropical benthic organisms would better reflect their photoautotrophic sources independently of the taxonomy. Shallow tropical sponges and cnidarians from environments showed plant and zooxanthellae sterols in their tissues, while their deep-sea counterparts showed phytoplankton and zooplankton sterols. In contrast, echinoids, a class of echinoderms, the most complex phylum along with hemichordates and chordates (deuterostomes), did not show significant differences in their sterol profile, suggesting that cholesterol synthesis is present in deuterostomes other than chordates. |
format |
Text |
author |
Laura Carreón-Palau Nurgül Şen Özdemir Christopher C. Parrish Camilla Parzanini |
author_facet |
Laura Carreón-Palau Nurgül Şen Özdemir Christopher C. Parrish Camilla Parzanini |
author_sort |
Laura Carreón-Palau |
title |
Sterol Composition of Sponges, Cnidarians, Arthropods, Mollusks, and Echinoderms from the Deep Northwest Atlantic: A Comparison with Shallow Coastal Gulf of Mexico |
title_short |
Sterol Composition of Sponges, Cnidarians, Arthropods, Mollusks, and Echinoderms from the Deep Northwest Atlantic: A Comparison with Shallow Coastal Gulf of Mexico |
title_full |
Sterol Composition of Sponges, Cnidarians, Arthropods, Mollusks, and Echinoderms from the Deep Northwest Atlantic: A Comparison with Shallow Coastal Gulf of Mexico |
title_fullStr |
Sterol Composition of Sponges, Cnidarians, Arthropods, Mollusks, and Echinoderms from the Deep Northwest Atlantic: A Comparison with Shallow Coastal Gulf of Mexico |
title_full_unstemmed |
Sterol Composition of Sponges, Cnidarians, Arthropods, Mollusks, and Echinoderms from the Deep Northwest Atlantic: A Comparison with Shallow Coastal Gulf of Mexico |
title_sort |
sterol composition of sponges, cnidarians, arthropods, mollusks, and echinoderms from the deep northwest atlantic: a comparison with shallow coastal gulf of mexico |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/md18120598 |
op_coverage |
agris |
genre |
Northwest Atlantic |
genre_facet |
Northwest Atlantic |
op_source |
Marine Drugs; Volume 18; Issue 12; Pages: 598 |
op_relation |
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18120598 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/md18120598 |
container_title |
Marine Drugs |
container_volume |
18 |
container_issue |
12 |
container_start_page |
598 |
_version_ |
1774721306837647360 |