Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments
Cyanotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria, of varied chemical nature and toxic effects. Although cyanobacteria thrive in all kinds of ecosystems on Earth even under very harsh conditions, current knowledge on cyanotoxin distribution is almost restricted to freshwaters from temp...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/1660-3397/15/7/233/ 2023-08-20T04:01:55+02:00 Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments Samuel Cirés María Casero Antonio Quesada agris 2017-07-24 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/md15070233 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md15070233 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Marine Drugs; Volume 15; Issue 7; Pages: 233 anatoxin-a cylindrospermopsin microcystin nodularin extremophiles Arctic Antarctica hot deserts hypersaline alkaline lakes Text 2017 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/md15070233 2023-07-31T21:10:33Z Cyanotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria, of varied chemical nature and toxic effects. Although cyanobacteria thrive in all kinds of ecosystems on Earth even under very harsh conditions, current knowledge on cyanotoxin distribution is almost restricted to freshwaters from temperate latitudes. In this review, we bring to the forefront the presence of cyanotoxins in extreme environments. Cyanotoxins have been reported especially in polar deserts (both from the Arctic and Antarctica) and alkaline lakes, but also in hot deserts, hypersaline environments, and hot springs. Cyanotoxins detected in these ecosystems include neurotoxins—anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a (S), paralytic shellfish toxins, β-methylaminopropionic acid, N-(2-aminoethyl) glycine and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid- and hepatotoxins –cylindrospermopsins, microcystins and nodularins—with microcystins being the most frequently reported. Toxin production there has been linked to at least eleven cyanobacterial genera yet only three of these (Arthrospira, Synechococcus and Oscillatoria) have been confirmed as producers in culture. Beyond a comprehensive analysis of cyanotoxin presence in each of the extreme environments, this review also identifies the main knowledge gaps to overcome (e.g., scarcity of isolates and –omics data, among others) toward an initial assessment of ecological and human health risks in these amazing ecosystems developing at the very edge of life. Text Antarc* Antarctica Arctic Human health MDPI Open Access Publishing Arctic Marine Drugs 15 7 233 |
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Open Polar |
collection |
MDPI Open Access Publishing |
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ftmdpi |
language |
English |
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anatoxin-a cylindrospermopsin microcystin nodularin extremophiles Arctic Antarctica hot deserts hypersaline alkaline lakes |
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anatoxin-a cylindrospermopsin microcystin nodularin extremophiles Arctic Antarctica hot deserts hypersaline alkaline lakes Samuel Cirés María Casero Antonio Quesada Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments |
topic_facet |
anatoxin-a cylindrospermopsin microcystin nodularin extremophiles Arctic Antarctica hot deserts hypersaline alkaline lakes |
description |
Cyanotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria, of varied chemical nature and toxic effects. Although cyanobacteria thrive in all kinds of ecosystems on Earth even under very harsh conditions, current knowledge on cyanotoxin distribution is almost restricted to freshwaters from temperate latitudes. In this review, we bring to the forefront the presence of cyanotoxins in extreme environments. Cyanotoxins have been reported especially in polar deserts (both from the Arctic and Antarctica) and alkaline lakes, but also in hot deserts, hypersaline environments, and hot springs. Cyanotoxins detected in these ecosystems include neurotoxins—anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a (S), paralytic shellfish toxins, β-methylaminopropionic acid, N-(2-aminoethyl) glycine and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid- and hepatotoxins –cylindrospermopsins, microcystins and nodularins—with microcystins being the most frequently reported. Toxin production there has been linked to at least eleven cyanobacterial genera yet only three of these (Arthrospira, Synechococcus and Oscillatoria) have been confirmed as producers in culture. Beyond a comprehensive analysis of cyanotoxin presence in each of the extreme environments, this review also identifies the main knowledge gaps to overcome (e.g., scarcity of isolates and –omics data, among others) toward an initial assessment of ecological and human health risks in these amazing ecosystems developing at the very edge of life. |
format |
Text |
author |
Samuel Cirés María Casero Antonio Quesada |
author_facet |
Samuel Cirés María Casero Antonio Quesada |
author_sort |
Samuel Cirés |
title |
Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments |
title_short |
Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments |
title_full |
Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments |
title_fullStr |
Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments |
title_full_unstemmed |
Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments |
title_sort |
toxicity at the edge of life: a review on cyanobacterial toxins from extreme environments |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2017 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/md15070233 |
op_coverage |
agris |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctica Arctic Human health |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctica Arctic Human health |
op_source |
Marine Drugs; Volume 15; Issue 7; Pages: 233 |
op_relation |
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md15070233 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/md15070233 |
container_title |
Marine Drugs |
container_volume |
15 |
container_issue |
7 |
container_start_page |
233 |
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1774712303021719552 |