Development of an Easy-to-Operate Underwater Raman System for Deep-Sea Cold Seep and Hydrothermal Vent In Situ Detection
As a powerful in situ detection technique, Raman spectroscopy is becoming a popular underwater investigation method, especially in deep-sea research. In this paper, an easy-to-operate underwater Raman system with a compact design and competitive sensitivity is introduced. All the components, includi...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/15/5090/ 2023-08-20T04:07:57+02:00 Development of an Easy-to-Operate Underwater Raman System for Deep-Sea Cold Seep and Hydrothermal Vent In Situ Detection Qingsheng Liu Jinjia Guo Wangquan Ye Kai Cheng Fujun Qi Ronger Zheng Zhilei Sun Xilin Zhang 2021-07-27 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155090 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Physical Sensors https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155090 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 15; Pages: 5090 Raman system in situ detection deep sea hydrothermal vent cold seep Text 2021 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155090 2023-08-01T02:17:28Z As a powerful in situ detection technique, Raman spectroscopy is becoming a popular underwater investigation method, especially in deep-sea research. In this paper, an easy-to-operate underwater Raman system with a compact design and competitive sensitivity is introduced. All the components, including the optical module and the electronic module, were packaged in an L362 × Φ172 mm titanium capsule with a weight of 20 kg in the air (about 12 kg in water). By optimising the laser coupling mode and focusing lens parameters, a competitive sensitivity was achieved with the detection limit of SO42− being 0.7 mmol/L. The first sea trial was carried out with the aid of a 3000 m grade remotely operated vehicle (ROV) “FCV3000” in October 2018. Over 20,000 spectra were captured from the targets interested, including methane hydrate, clamshell in the area of cold seep, and bacterial mats around a hydrothermal vent, with a maximum depth of 1038 m. A Raman peak at 2592 cm−1 was found in the methane hydrate spectra, which revealed the presence of hydrogen sulfide in the seeping gas. In addition, we also found sulfur in the bacterial mats, confirming the involvement of micro-organisms in the sulfur cycle in the hydrothermal field. It is expected that the system can be developed as a universal deep-sea survey and detection equipment in the near future. Text Methane hydrate MDPI Open Access Publishing Sensors 21 15 5090 |
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Open Polar |
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MDPI Open Access Publishing |
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English |
topic |
Raman system in situ detection deep sea hydrothermal vent cold seep |
spellingShingle |
Raman system in situ detection deep sea hydrothermal vent cold seep Qingsheng Liu Jinjia Guo Wangquan Ye Kai Cheng Fujun Qi Ronger Zheng Zhilei Sun Xilin Zhang Development of an Easy-to-Operate Underwater Raman System for Deep-Sea Cold Seep and Hydrothermal Vent In Situ Detection |
topic_facet |
Raman system in situ detection deep sea hydrothermal vent cold seep |
description |
As a powerful in situ detection technique, Raman spectroscopy is becoming a popular underwater investigation method, especially in deep-sea research. In this paper, an easy-to-operate underwater Raman system with a compact design and competitive sensitivity is introduced. All the components, including the optical module and the electronic module, were packaged in an L362 × Φ172 mm titanium capsule with a weight of 20 kg in the air (about 12 kg in water). By optimising the laser coupling mode and focusing lens parameters, a competitive sensitivity was achieved with the detection limit of SO42− being 0.7 mmol/L. The first sea trial was carried out with the aid of a 3000 m grade remotely operated vehicle (ROV) “FCV3000” in October 2018. Over 20,000 spectra were captured from the targets interested, including methane hydrate, clamshell in the area of cold seep, and bacterial mats around a hydrothermal vent, with a maximum depth of 1038 m. A Raman peak at 2592 cm−1 was found in the methane hydrate spectra, which revealed the presence of hydrogen sulfide in the seeping gas. In addition, we also found sulfur in the bacterial mats, confirming the involvement of micro-organisms in the sulfur cycle in the hydrothermal field. It is expected that the system can be developed as a universal deep-sea survey and detection equipment in the near future. |
format |
Text |
author |
Qingsheng Liu Jinjia Guo Wangquan Ye Kai Cheng Fujun Qi Ronger Zheng Zhilei Sun Xilin Zhang |
author_facet |
Qingsheng Liu Jinjia Guo Wangquan Ye Kai Cheng Fujun Qi Ronger Zheng Zhilei Sun Xilin Zhang |
author_sort |
Qingsheng Liu |
title |
Development of an Easy-to-Operate Underwater Raman System for Deep-Sea Cold Seep and Hydrothermal Vent In Situ Detection |
title_short |
Development of an Easy-to-Operate Underwater Raman System for Deep-Sea Cold Seep and Hydrothermal Vent In Situ Detection |
title_full |
Development of an Easy-to-Operate Underwater Raman System for Deep-Sea Cold Seep and Hydrothermal Vent In Situ Detection |
title_fullStr |
Development of an Easy-to-Operate Underwater Raman System for Deep-Sea Cold Seep and Hydrothermal Vent In Situ Detection |
title_full_unstemmed |
Development of an Easy-to-Operate Underwater Raman System for Deep-Sea Cold Seep and Hydrothermal Vent In Situ Detection |
title_sort |
development of an easy-to-operate underwater raman system for deep-sea cold seep and hydrothermal vent in situ detection |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155090 |
genre |
Methane hydrate |
genre_facet |
Methane hydrate |
op_source |
Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 15; Pages: 5090 |
op_relation |
Physical Sensors https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155090 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155090 |
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Sensors |
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21 |
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15 |
container_start_page |
5090 |
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1774719947384029184 |