Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Heavy Metals, and Oxysterols in Fish Muscle
The present study aimed to assess the levels of 98 multi-class pharmaceuticals including cardiovascular drugs, antidepressants, hypnotics, antibiotics, and sulfonamides occurring in the muscle tissue of fish caught in the Baltic Sea. The following fish species were collected: perch (Perca fluviatili...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/1420-3049/26/5/1229/ 2023-08-20T04:06:38+02:00 Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Heavy Metals, and Oxysterols in Fish Muscle Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak Agnieszka Stawarska Arkadiusz Szterk Karol Ofiara Małgorzata Czerwonka Joanna Giebułtowicz agris 2021-02-25 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051229 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Green Chemistry https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051229 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Molecules; Volume 26; Issue 5; Pages: 1229 pharmaceuticals toxic elements oxysterol fish Text 2021 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051229 2023-08-01T01:08:56Z The present study aimed to assess the levels of 98 multi-class pharmaceuticals including cardiovascular drugs, antidepressants, hypnotics, antibiotics, and sulfonamides occurring in the muscle tissue of fish caught in the Baltic Sea. The following fish species were collected: perch (Perca fluviatilis); flounder (Platichthys flesus); turbot (Scophthalmus maximus); plaice (Pleuronectes platessa); cod (Gadus morhua callarias); bream (Abramis brama); crucian (Carassius carassius). Additionally, in the examined fish muscle the levels of heavy metals and trace elements were determined (As; Ag; Au; Ba; Cd; Co; Cr; Cu; Hg; Li; Mo; Ni; Pb; Sb; Se; Sn; Tl; V) as well as the levels of cholesterol and its 5 derivatives (7-ketocholesterol; 7α-hydroxycholesterol; 7β-hydroxycholesterol; 5β,6β-epoxy-cholesterol; 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol). In the performed studies 11 out of 98 examined pharmaceuticals were detected in fish muscle. The levels of pharmaceuticals in fish muscle varied depending on the species. In the tissues of bream and crucian, no pharmaceuticals were found. Mercury, lead and arsenic were detected in the muscles of all examined fish. Based on the hazard factor for Hg, Pb, Cd, Ni (target hazard quotient, THQ < 1), it was found that the consumption of the studied fish does not constitute a health risk. However, the THQ for As remained >1 indicated possible risk from those metals. In the examined fish muscle the total cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) level of oxysterols were, respectively: 6.90 (cod) μg/g–4.18 μg/g (perch), which corresponded to 0.7–1.5% of cholesterol. The main COPs evaluated were 7-ketocholesterol (0.78 ± 0.14–1.79 ± 0.06 μg/g), 7β-hydroxycholesterol (0.50 ± 0.04–3.20 ± 2.95 μg/g) and 5β,6β-epoxycholesterol (0.66 ± 0.03–1.53 ± 0.66 μg/g). The assessment of health hazards due to contaminations is necessary, which may help to introduce national legislation and global standards aimed at reducing or even eliminating the exposure to contaminants. Text Gadus morhua Scophthalmus maximus Turbot MDPI Open Access Publishing Brama ENVELOPE(-58.467,-58.467,-62.208,-62.208) Molecules 26 5 1229 |
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pharmaceuticals toxic elements oxysterol fish |
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pharmaceuticals toxic elements oxysterol fish Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak Agnieszka Stawarska Arkadiusz Szterk Karol Ofiara Małgorzata Czerwonka Joanna Giebułtowicz Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Heavy Metals, and Oxysterols in Fish Muscle |
topic_facet |
pharmaceuticals toxic elements oxysterol fish |
description |
The present study aimed to assess the levels of 98 multi-class pharmaceuticals including cardiovascular drugs, antidepressants, hypnotics, antibiotics, and sulfonamides occurring in the muscle tissue of fish caught in the Baltic Sea. The following fish species were collected: perch (Perca fluviatilis); flounder (Platichthys flesus); turbot (Scophthalmus maximus); plaice (Pleuronectes platessa); cod (Gadus morhua callarias); bream (Abramis brama); crucian (Carassius carassius). Additionally, in the examined fish muscle the levels of heavy metals and trace elements were determined (As; Ag; Au; Ba; Cd; Co; Cr; Cu; Hg; Li; Mo; Ni; Pb; Sb; Se; Sn; Tl; V) as well as the levels of cholesterol and its 5 derivatives (7-ketocholesterol; 7α-hydroxycholesterol; 7β-hydroxycholesterol; 5β,6β-epoxy-cholesterol; 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol). In the performed studies 11 out of 98 examined pharmaceuticals were detected in fish muscle. The levels of pharmaceuticals in fish muscle varied depending on the species. In the tissues of bream and crucian, no pharmaceuticals were found. Mercury, lead and arsenic were detected in the muscles of all examined fish. Based on the hazard factor for Hg, Pb, Cd, Ni (target hazard quotient, THQ < 1), it was found that the consumption of the studied fish does not constitute a health risk. However, the THQ for As remained >1 indicated possible risk from those metals. In the examined fish muscle the total cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) level of oxysterols were, respectively: 6.90 (cod) μg/g–4.18 μg/g (perch), which corresponded to 0.7–1.5% of cholesterol. The main COPs evaluated were 7-ketocholesterol (0.78 ± 0.14–1.79 ± 0.06 μg/g), 7β-hydroxycholesterol (0.50 ± 0.04–3.20 ± 2.95 μg/g) and 5β,6β-epoxycholesterol (0.66 ± 0.03–1.53 ± 0.66 μg/g). The assessment of health hazards due to contaminations is necessary, which may help to introduce national legislation and global standards aimed at reducing or even eliminating the exposure to contaminants. |
format |
Text |
author |
Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak Agnieszka Stawarska Arkadiusz Szterk Karol Ofiara Małgorzata Czerwonka Joanna Giebułtowicz |
author_facet |
Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak Agnieszka Stawarska Arkadiusz Szterk Karol Ofiara Małgorzata Czerwonka Joanna Giebułtowicz |
author_sort |
Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak |
title |
Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Heavy Metals, and Oxysterols in Fish Muscle |
title_short |
Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Heavy Metals, and Oxysterols in Fish Muscle |
title_full |
Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Heavy Metals, and Oxysterols in Fish Muscle |
title_fullStr |
Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Heavy Metals, and Oxysterols in Fish Muscle |
title_full_unstemmed |
Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Heavy Metals, and Oxysterols in Fish Muscle |
title_sort |
determination of pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, and oxysterols in fish muscle |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051229 |
op_coverage |
agris |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-58.467,-58.467,-62.208,-62.208) |
geographic |
Brama |
geographic_facet |
Brama |
genre |
Gadus morhua Scophthalmus maximus Turbot |
genre_facet |
Gadus morhua Scophthalmus maximus Turbot |
op_source |
Molecules; Volume 26; Issue 5; Pages: 1229 |
op_relation |
Green Chemistry https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051229 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051229 |
container_title |
Molecules |
container_volume |
26 |
container_issue |
5 |
container_start_page |
1229 |
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1774717867234689024 |