Xanthurenic Acid in the Shell Purple Patterns of Crassostrea gigas: First Evidence of an Ommochrome Metabolite in a Mollusk Shell
Ommochromes are one of the least studied groups of natural pigments, frequently confused with melanin and, so far, exclusively found in invertebrates such as cephalopods and butterflies. In this study focused on the purple color of the shells of a mollusk, Crassostrea gigas, the first evidence of a...
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ftmdpi:oai:mdpi.com:/1420-3049/26/23/7263/ 2023-08-20T04:06:00+02:00 Xanthurenic Acid in the Shell Purple Patterns of Crassostrea gigas: First Evidence of an Ommochrome Metabolite in a Mollusk Shell Michel Bonnard Bruno Boury Isabelle Parrot agris 2021-11-30 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237263 EN eng Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237263 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Molecules; Volume 26; Issue 23; Pages: 7263 Crassostrea gigas shell pigments porphyrins xanthurenic acid ommochromes Text 2021 ftmdpi https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237263 2023-08-01T03:24:56Z Ommochromes are one of the least studied groups of natural pigments, frequently confused with melanin and, so far, exclusively found in invertebrates such as cephalopods and butterflies. In this study focused on the purple color of the shells of a mollusk, Crassostrea gigas, the first evidence of a metabolite of ommochromes, xanthurenic acid (XA), was obtained by liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). In addition to XA and various porphyrins previously identified, a second group of high molecular weight acid-soluble pigments (HMASP) has been identified with physicochemical and structural characteristics similar to those of ommochromes. In addition, fragmentation of HMASP by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has revealed a substructure common to XA and ommochromes of the ommatin type. Furthermore, the presence of melanins was excluded by the absence of characteristic by-products among the oxidation residues of HMASP. Altogether, these results show that the purple color of the shells of Crassostrea gigas is a complex association of porphyrins and ommochromes of potentially ommatin or ommin type. Text Crassostrea gigas MDPI Open Access Publishing Molecules 26 23 7263 |
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Open Polar |
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MDPI Open Access Publishing |
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ftmdpi |
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English |
topic |
Crassostrea gigas shell pigments porphyrins xanthurenic acid ommochromes |
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Crassostrea gigas shell pigments porphyrins xanthurenic acid ommochromes Michel Bonnard Bruno Boury Isabelle Parrot Xanthurenic Acid in the Shell Purple Patterns of Crassostrea gigas: First Evidence of an Ommochrome Metabolite in a Mollusk Shell |
topic_facet |
Crassostrea gigas shell pigments porphyrins xanthurenic acid ommochromes |
description |
Ommochromes are one of the least studied groups of natural pigments, frequently confused with melanin and, so far, exclusively found in invertebrates such as cephalopods and butterflies. In this study focused on the purple color of the shells of a mollusk, Crassostrea gigas, the first evidence of a metabolite of ommochromes, xanthurenic acid (XA), was obtained by liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). In addition to XA and various porphyrins previously identified, a second group of high molecular weight acid-soluble pigments (HMASP) has been identified with physicochemical and structural characteristics similar to those of ommochromes. In addition, fragmentation of HMASP by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has revealed a substructure common to XA and ommochromes of the ommatin type. Furthermore, the presence of melanins was excluded by the absence of characteristic by-products among the oxidation residues of HMASP. Altogether, these results show that the purple color of the shells of Crassostrea gigas is a complex association of porphyrins and ommochromes of potentially ommatin or ommin type. |
format |
Text |
author |
Michel Bonnard Bruno Boury Isabelle Parrot |
author_facet |
Michel Bonnard Bruno Boury Isabelle Parrot |
author_sort |
Michel Bonnard |
title |
Xanthurenic Acid in the Shell Purple Patterns of Crassostrea gigas: First Evidence of an Ommochrome Metabolite in a Mollusk Shell |
title_short |
Xanthurenic Acid in the Shell Purple Patterns of Crassostrea gigas: First Evidence of an Ommochrome Metabolite in a Mollusk Shell |
title_full |
Xanthurenic Acid in the Shell Purple Patterns of Crassostrea gigas: First Evidence of an Ommochrome Metabolite in a Mollusk Shell |
title_fullStr |
Xanthurenic Acid in the Shell Purple Patterns of Crassostrea gigas: First Evidence of an Ommochrome Metabolite in a Mollusk Shell |
title_full_unstemmed |
Xanthurenic Acid in the Shell Purple Patterns of Crassostrea gigas: First Evidence of an Ommochrome Metabolite in a Mollusk Shell |
title_sort |
xanthurenic acid in the shell purple patterns of crassostrea gigas: first evidence of an ommochrome metabolite in a mollusk shell |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237263 |
op_coverage |
agris |
genre |
Crassostrea gigas |
genre_facet |
Crassostrea gigas |
op_source |
Molecules; Volume 26; Issue 23; Pages: 7263 |
op_relation |
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237263 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237263 |
container_title |
Molecules |
container_volume |
26 |
container_issue |
23 |
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7263 |
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1774716902157844480 |