Applying a normalized ratio scale technique to assess influences of urban expansion on land surface temperature of the semi-arid city of Erbil
The difference between surface and air temperature within a city and its surrounding area is a result of variations in surface cover, thermal capacity and 3-dimensional geometry. This research has examined and quantified the decreasing daytime land surface temperature (LST) in Erbil, Kurdistan regio...
Published in: | International Journal of Remote Sensing |
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Online Access: | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2017.1312030 http://hdl.handle.net/2381/39497 https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2017.1312030 |
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ftleicester:oai:lra.le.ac.uk:2381/39497 2023-05-15T18:13:34+02:00 Applying a normalized ratio scale technique to assess influences of urban expansion on land surface temperature of the semi-arid city of Erbil Rasul, Azad Balzter, Heiko Smith, Claire 2017-03-17T14:34:07Z http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2017.1312030 http://hdl.handle.net/2381/39497 https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2017.1312030 en eng Taylor & Francis for Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Society International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2017, 38:1, pp. 3960-3980 0143-1161 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2017.1312030 http://hdl.handle.net/2381/39497 doi:10.1080/01431161.2017.1312030 1366-5901 Copyright © the authors, 2017. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. CC-BY land surface temperature (LST) land use land cover change normalized ratio scale (NRS) urban climate surface urban cool island (SUCI) Landsat Erbil Journal Article Article 2017 ftleicester https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2017.1312030 2019-03-22T20:22:34Z The difference between surface and air temperature within a city and its surrounding area is a result of variations in surface cover, thermal capacity and 3-dimensional geometry. This research has examined and quantified the decreasing daytime land surface temperature (LST) in Erbil, Kurdistan region of Iraq, and the influence of rapid urban expansion on urban heat/cool island effect over a 20 year period. Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) change across this time period is also established using pixel samples. The current study proposes the application of the Normalized Ratio Scale (NRS) to adjust the temperature of images acquired at different date to the same range. Eleven satellite images acquired by Landsat 4, 5, 7 and 8 during the period 1992 to 2013 are used to retrieve LST. The results indicate that 55.3 km2 21 of city land cover changed from bare soil to urban, consequently the mean LST of the new urbanized area decreased by 2.28°C. The NDVI of Sami Abdul-Rahman (S.A.) Park increased from 0.09 ± 0.01 to 0.32 ± 0.11, resulting in a decrease of the mean LST by 7.29°C. This study shows that the NRS method is appropriate for detecting temperature trends from urbanization using remote sensing data. It also highlights that urban expansion may lead to a decrease in daytime LST in drylands. The authors would like to thank the HCDP Scholarship Programme and Soran University for their financial support of this research. Many thanks go to the USGS, for providing the research with Landsat images of the study area. We would also like to acknowledge the R Development Core Team for continuously improving and supporting this freely available software. H. Balzter was supported by the Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award, 2011/R3 and the NERC National Centre for Earth Observation. Peer-reviewed Publisher Version Article in Journal/Newspaper sami University of Leicester: Leicester Research Archive (LRA) International Journal of Remote Sensing 38 13 3960 3980 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
University of Leicester: Leicester Research Archive (LRA) |
op_collection_id |
ftleicester |
language |
English |
topic |
land surface temperature (LST) land use land cover change normalized ratio scale (NRS) urban climate surface urban cool island (SUCI) Landsat Erbil |
spellingShingle |
land surface temperature (LST) land use land cover change normalized ratio scale (NRS) urban climate surface urban cool island (SUCI) Landsat Erbil Rasul, Azad Balzter, Heiko Smith, Claire Applying a normalized ratio scale technique to assess influences of urban expansion on land surface temperature of the semi-arid city of Erbil |
topic_facet |
land surface temperature (LST) land use land cover change normalized ratio scale (NRS) urban climate surface urban cool island (SUCI) Landsat Erbil |
description |
The difference between surface and air temperature within a city and its surrounding area is a result of variations in surface cover, thermal capacity and 3-dimensional geometry. This research has examined and quantified the decreasing daytime land surface temperature (LST) in Erbil, Kurdistan region of Iraq, and the influence of rapid urban expansion on urban heat/cool island effect over a 20 year period. Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) change across this time period is also established using pixel samples. The current study proposes the application of the Normalized Ratio Scale (NRS) to adjust the temperature of images acquired at different date to the same range. Eleven satellite images acquired by Landsat 4, 5, 7 and 8 during the period 1992 to 2013 are used to retrieve LST. The results indicate that 55.3 km2 21 of city land cover changed from bare soil to urban, consequently the mean LST of the new urbanized area decreased by 2.28°C. The NDVI of Sami Abdul-Rahman (S.A.) Park increased from 0.09 ± 0.01 to 0.32 ± 0.11, resulting in a decrease of the mean LST by 7.29°C. This study shows that the NRS method is appropriate for detecting temperature trends from urbanization using remote sensing data. It also highlights that urban expansion may lead to a decrease in daytime LST in drylands. The authors would like to thank the HCDP Scholarship Programme and Soran University for their financial support of this research. Many thanks go to the USGS, for providing the research with Landsat images of the study area. We would also like to acknowledge the R Development Core Team for continuously improving and supporting this freely available software. H. Balzter was supported by the Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award, 2011/R3 and the NERC National Centre for Earth Observation. Peer-reviewed Publisher Version |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Rasul, Azad Balzter, Heiko Smith, Claire |
author_facet |
Rasul, Azad Balzter, Heiko Smith, Claire |
author_sort |
Rasul, Azad |
title |
Applying a normalized ratio scale technique to assess influences of urban expansion on land surface temperature of the semi-arid city of Erbil |
title_short |
Applying a normalized ratio scale technique to assess influences of urban expansion on land surface temperature of the semi-arid city of Erbil |
title_full |
Applying a normalized ratio scale technique to assess influences of urban expansion on land surface temperature of the semi-arid city of Erbil |
title_fullStr |
Applying a normalized ratio scale technique to assess influences of urban expansion on land surface temperature of the semi-arid city of Erbil |
title_full_unstemmed |
Applying a normalized ratio scale technique to assess influences of urban expansion on land surface temperature of the semi-arid city of Erbil |
title_sort |
applying a normalized ratio scale technique to assess influences of urban expansion on land surface temperature of the semi-arid city of erbil |
publisher |
Taylor & Francis for Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Society |
publishDate |
2017 |
url |
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2017.1312030 http://hdl.handle.net/2381/39497 https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2017.1312030 |
genre |
sami |
genre_facet |
sami |
op_relation |
International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2017, 38:1, pp. 3960-3980 0143-1161 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431161.2017.1312030 http://hdl.handle.net/2381/39497 doi:10.1080/01431161.2017.1312030 1366-5901 |
op_rights |
Copyright © the authors, 2017. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2017.1312030 |
container_title |
International Journal of Remote Sensing |
container_volume |
38 |
container_issue |
13 |
container_start_page |
3960 |
op_container_end_page |
3980 |
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1766186150206111744 |