A Lagrangian Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports to the Northern Hemispheric Extratropics
Case studies have shown that heavy precipitation events and rapid cyclogenesis in the extratropics can be fueled by moist and warm tropical air masses. Often the tropical moisture export (TME) occurs through a longitudinally confined region in the subtropics. Here a comprehensive climatological anal...
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American Meteorological Society
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Online Access: | https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/76614/ https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/76614/7/Knippertz2010_Wernli_JCL_with_coversheet.pdf https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3333.1 |
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ftleedsuniv:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:76614 2024-06-02T08:11:43+00:00 A Lagrangian Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports to the Northern Hemispheric Extratropics Knippertz, P Wernli, H 2010-02 text https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/76614/ https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/76614/7/Knippertz2010_Wernli_JCL_with_coversheet.pdf https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3333.1 en eng American Meteorological Society https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/76614/7/Knippertz2010_Wernli_JCL_with_coversheet.pdf Knippertz, P and Wernli, H (2010) A Lagrangian Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports to the Northern Hemispheric Extratropics. Journal of Climate, 23 (4). 987 - 1003. ISSN 0894-8755 Article NonPeerReviewed 2010 ftleedsuniv https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3333.1 2024-05-06T12:40:54Z Case studies have shown that heavy precipitation events and rapid cyclogenesis in the extratropics can be fueled by moist and warm tropical air masses. Often the tropical moisture export (TME) occurs through a longitudinally confined region in the subtropics. Here a comprehensive climatological analysis of TME is constructed on the basis of seven-day forward trajectories started daily from the tropical lower troposphere using 6-hourly 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data from the 23-year period 1979-2001. The objective TME identification procedure retains only those trajectories that reach a water vapor flux of at least 100g kg-1 m s-1 somewhere north of 35°N. The results show four distinct activity maxima with different seasonal behavior: (i) The "pineapple" express which connects tropical moisture sources near Hawaii with precipitation near the North American west coast, has a marked activity maximum in boreal winter. (ii) TME over the west Pacific is largest in summer, partly related to the East Asian monsoon and the mei-yu-baiu front. This region alone is responsible for a large portion of TME across 35°N. (iii) The narrow activity maximum over the Great Plains of North America is rooted over the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea and has a clear maximum in summer and spring. (iv) TME over the western North Atlantic shows the smallest annual cycle with a maximum in winter and autumn. The interannual variability of (i) and (iv) is significantly modulated by El Niño. Over the African-European-Asian region, high orographic barriers impede TME. A typical TME trajectory evolution is poleward and quasi-horizontal in the subtropics and then more eastward and upward in the southern midlatitudes, where TME contributes up to 60% to climatological precipitation. The TME dataset presented here can serve as a basis for future studies on extreme events. Article in Journal/Newspaper North Atlantic White Rose Research Online (Universities of Leeds, Sheffield & York) Pacific Journal of Climate 23 4 987 1003 |
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Open Polar |
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White Rose Research Online (Universities of Leeds, Sheffield & York) |
op_collection_id |
ftleedsuniv |
language |
English |
description |
Case studies have shown that heavy precipitation events and rapid cyclogenesis in the extratropics can be fueled by moist and warm tropical air masses. Often the tropical moisture export (TME) occurs through a longitudinally confined region in the subtropics. Here a comprehensive climatological analysis of TME is constructed on the basis of seven-day forward trajectories started daily from the tropical lower troposphere using 6-hourly 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data from the 23-year period 1979-2001. The objective TME identification procedure retains only those trajectories that reach a water vapor flux of at least 100g kg-1 m s-1 somewhere north of 35°N. The results show four distinct activity maxima with different seasonal behavior: (i) The "pineapple" express which connects tropical moisture sources near Hawaii with precipitation near the North American west coast, has a marked activity maximum in boreal winter. (ii) TME over the west Pacific is largest in summer, partly related to the East Asian monsoon and the mei-yu-baiu front. This region alone is responsible for a large portion of TME across 35°N. (iii) The narrow activity maximum over the Great Plains of North America is rooted over the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea and has a clear maximum in summer and spring. (iv) TME over the western North Atlantic shows the smallest annual cycle with a maximum in winter and autumn. The interannual variability of (i) and (iv) is significantly modulated by El Niño. Over the African-European-Asian region, high orographic barriers impede TME. A typical TME trajectory evolution is poleward and quasi-horizontal in the subtropics and then more eastward and upward in the southern midlatitudes, where TME contributes up to 60% to climatological precipitation. The TME dataset presented here can serve as a basis for future studies on extreme events. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Knippertz, P Wernli, H |
spellingShingle |
Knippertz, P Wernli, H A Lagrangian Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports to the Northern Hemispheric Extratropics |
author_facet |
Knippertz, P Wernli, H |
author_sort |
Knippertz, P |
title |
A Lagrangian Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports to the Northern Hemispheric Extratropics |
title_short |
A Lagrangian Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports to the Northern Hemispheric Extratropics |
title_full |
A Lagrangian Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports to the Northern Hemispheric Extratropics |
title_fullStr |
A Lagrangian Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports to the Northern Hemispheric Extratropics |
title_full_unstemmed |
A Lagrangian Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports to the Northern Hemispheric Extratropics |
title_sort |
lagrangian climatology of tropical moisture exports to the northern hemispheric extratropics |
publisher |
American Meteorological Society |
publishDate |
2010 |
url |
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/76614/ https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/76614/7/Knippertz2010_Wernli_JCL_with_coversheet.pdf https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3333.1 |
geographic |
Pacific |
geographic_facet |
Pacific |
genre |
North Atlantic |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic |
op_relation |
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/76614/7/Knippertz2010_Wernli_JCL_with_coversheet.pdf Knippertz, P and Wernli, H (2010) A Lagrangian Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports to the Northern Hemispheric Extratropics. Journal of Climate, 23 (4). 987 - 1003. ISSN 0894-8755 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3333.1 |
container_title |
Journal of Climate |
container_volume |
23 |
container_issue |
4 |
container_start_page |
987 |
op_container_end_page |
1003 |
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1800757946666188800 |