Effective radiative forcing in a GCM with fixed surface temperatures
Effective radiative forcing (ERF) is evaluated in the ACCESS1.0 General Circulation Model (GCM) with fixed land and sea‐surface‐temperatures as well as sea‐ice. The 4xCO2 ERF is 8.0 Wm‐2. In contrast, a typical ERF experiment with only fixed sea‐surface‐temperatures (SST) and sea‐ice gives rise to a...
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ftleedsuniv:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:171015 2023-05-15T18:17:59+02:00 Effective radiative forcing in a GCM with fixed surface temperatures Andrews, T Smith, CJ Myhre, G Forster, PM Chadwick, R Ackerley, D 2021-02-27 text https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/171015/ https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/171015/7/2020JD033880.pdf en eng Wiley https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/171015/7/2020JD033880.pdf Andrews, T, Smith, CJ orcid.org/0000-0003-0599-4633 , Myhre, G et al. (3 more authors) (2021) Effective radiative forcing in a GCM with fixed surface temperatures. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126 (4). ISSN 2169-897X Article NonPeerReviewed 2021 ftleedsuniv 2023-01-30T22:36:30Z Effective radiative forcing (ERF) is evaluated in the ACCESS1.0 General Circulation Model (GCM) with fixed land and sea‐surface‐temperatures as well as sea‐ice. The 4xCO2 ERF is 8.0 Wm‐2. In contrast, a typical ERF experiment with only fixed sea‐surface‐temperatures (SST) and sea‐ice gives rise to an ERF of only 7.0 Wm‐2. This difference arises due to the influence of land warming in the commonly used fixed‐SST ERF experimental design, which results in: (i) increased emission of longwave radiation to space from the land surface (‐0.45 Wm‐2) and troposphere (‐0.90 Wm‐2), (ii) reduced land snow‐cover and albedo (+0.17 Wm‐2), (iii) increased water‐vapour (+0.49 Wm‐2), and (iv) a cloud adjustment (‐0.26 Wm‐2) due to reduced stability and cloudiness over land (positive ERF) counteracted by increased lower tropospheric stability and marine cloudiness over oceans (negative ERF) . The sum of these radiative adjustments to land warming is to reduce the 4xCO2 ERF in fixed‐SST experiments by ∼1.0 Wm‐2. CO2 stomatal effects are quantified and found to contribute just over half of the land warming effect and adjustments in the fixed‐SST ERF experimental design in this model. The basic physical mechanisms in response to land warming are confirmed in a solar ERF experiment. We test various methods that have been proposed to account for land warming in fixed‐SST ERFs against our GCM results and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. Article in Journal/Newspaper Sea ice White Rose Research Online (Universities of Leeds, Sheffield & York) |
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Open Polar |
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White Rose Research Online (Universities of Leeds, Sheffield & York) |
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ftleedsuniv |
language |
English |
description |
Effective radiative forcing (ERF) is evaluated in the ACCESS1.0 General Circulation Model (GCM) with fixed land and sea‐surface‐temperatures as well as sea‐ice. The 4xCO2 ERF is 8.0 Wm‐2. In contrast, a typical ERF experiment with only fixed sea‐surface‐temperatures (SST) and sea‐ice gives rise to an ERF of only 7.0 Wm‐2. This difference arises due to the influence of land warming in the commonly used fixed‐SST ERF experimental design, which results in: (i) increased emission of longwave radiation to space from the land surface (‐0.45 Wm‐2) and troposphere (‐0.90 Wm‐2), (ii) reduced land snow‐cover and albedo (+0.17 Wm‐2), (iii) increased water‐vapour (+0.49 Wm‐2), and (iv) a cloud adjustment (‐0.26 Wm‐2) due to reduced stability and cloudiness over land (positive ERF) counteracted by increased lower tropospheric stability and marine cloudiness over oceans (negative ERF) . The sum of these radiative adjustments to land warming is to reduce the 4xCO2 ERF in fixed‐SST experiments by ∼1.0 Wm‐2. CO2 stomatal effects are quantified and found to contribute just over half of the land warming effect and adjustments in the fixed‐SST ERF experimental design in this model. The basic physical mechanisms in response to land warming are confirmed in a solar ERF experiment. We test various methods that have been proposed to account for land warming in fixed‐SST ERFs against our GCM results and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Andrews, T Smith, CJ Myhre, G Forster, PM Chadwick, R Ackerley, D |
spellingShingle |
Andrews, T Smith, CJ Myhre, G Forster, PM Chadwick, R Ackerley, D Effective radiative forcing in a GCM with fixed surface temperatures |
author_facet |
Andrews, T Smith, CJ Myhre, G Forster, PM Chadwick, R Ackerley, D |
author_sort |
Andrews, T |
title |
Effective radiative forcing in a GCM with fixed surface temperatures |
title_short |
Effective radiative forcing in a GCM with fixed surface temperatures |
title_full |
Effective radiative forcing in a GCM with fixed surface temperatures |
title_fullStr |
Effective radiative forcing in a GCM with fixed surface temperatures |
title_full_unstemmed |
Effective radiative forcing in a GCM with fixed surface temperatures |
title_sort |
effective radiative forcing in a gcm with fixed surface temperatures |
publisher |
Wiley |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/171015/ https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/171015/7/2020JD033880.pdf |
genre |
Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Sea ice |
op_relation |
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/171015/7/2020JD033880.pdf Andrews, T, Smith, CJ orcid.org/0000-0003-0599-4633 , Myhre, G et al. (3 more authors) (2021) Effective radiative forcing in a GCM with fixed surface temperatures. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126 (4). ISSN 2169-897X |
_version_ |
1766193838367440896 |