Inter-decadal changes in stratification and double diffusion in a transatlantic section along 7.5°N

We use three transatlantic cruises (1957, 1993 and 2010) along 7.5°N to analyse inter-decadal variations of the neutral buoyancy frequency (with neutral density replacing potential density) and Turner angle. We also use Argo data from the 2003-2011 period to show that, within central and intermediat...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Published in:Scientia Marina
Main Authors: San Antolín Plaza, Miguel Ángel, Pelegrí, Josep L., Machín, Francisco José, Benítez Barrios, Verónica
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 2012
Subjects:
Online Access:https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1384
https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03616.19G
id ftjscientiamarin:oai:scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es:article/1384
record_format openpolar
institution Open Polar
collection Scientia Marina (E-Journal)
op_collection_id ftjscientiamarin
language English
topic transatlantic section
stratification
neutral buoyancy frequency
Turner angle
inter-decadal changes
vertical diffusion
sección trasatlántica
estratificación
frecuencia de flotabilidad neutra
ángulo de Turner
variaciones interdecadales
difusión vertical
spellingShingle transatlantic section
stratification
neutral buoyancy frequency
Turner angle
inter-decadal changes
vertical diffusion
sección trasatlántica
estratificación
frecuencia de flotabilidad neutra
ángulo de Turner
variaciones interdecadales
difusión vertical
San Antolín Plaza, Miguel Ángel
Pelegrí, Josep L.
Machín, Francisco José
Benítez Barrios, Verónica
Inter-decadal changes in stratification and double diffusion in a transatlantic section along 7.5°N
topic_facet transatlantic section
stratification
neutral buoyancy frequency
Turner angle
inter-decadal changes
vertical diffusion
sección trasatlántica
estratificación
frecuencia de flotabilidad neutra
ángulo de Turner
variaciones interdecadales
difusión vertical
description We use three transatlantic cruises (1957, 1993 and 2010) along 7.5°N to analyse inter-decadal variations of the neutral buoyancy frequency (with neutral density replacing potential density) and Turner angle. We also use Argo data from the 2003-2011 period to show that, within central and intermediate waters, the changes between the three sections are slightly greater than the seasonal and inter-annual variations, so they may be interpreted as actual inter-decadal variations. The results point to a generalized sinking of isoneutrals between 1957 and 2010, with maximum zonally-averaged values of about 100 m in the central and upper deep layers. They also reveal the occurrence of substantial changes in the intermediate and neighbouring water strata, with differential vertical sinking of isoneutrals and the transformation of their thermohaline characteristics. The neutral buoyancy frequency increased in the lower central and upper intermediate layers and decreased in the lower intermediate and upper deep layers. The distributions of Turner angle highlight a predominance of salt-fingering in the North Atlantic, except for a gravitationally doubly-stable layer located immediately below the intermediate water core; this stable layer thinned substantially between 1957 and 2010 because of the sinking of the lower intermediate isoneutrals acting together with actual water transformations from Antarctic Intermediate Waters into North Atlantic Deep Waters. We conclude that a significant portion of the water column underwent both increased vertical stratification and enhanced salt-fingering, two mechanisms with opposite effects on the effective vertical diffusion. Usamos tres campañas transatlánticas (1957, 1993 y 2010) a lo largo de 7.5°N para analizar las variaciones interdecadales de la frecuencia de flotabilidad neutra (con la densidad neutra reemplazando a la densidad potencial) y el ángulo de Turner. También utilizamos datos Argo del periodo 2003-2011 para mostrar que, en las aguas centrales e intermedias, los cambios entre las tres secciones son algo superiores a las variaciones estacionales o interanuales, de modo que pueden interpretarse como cambios interdecadales. Los resultados indican un hundimiento generalizado de las isoneutras entre 1957 y 2010, con valores máximos promediados zonalmente de unos 100 m en las aguas centrales y profundas superiores. También revelan la existencia de cambios substanciales en las aguas intermedias y los estratos vecinos, con desplazamientos verticales diferenciales de las distintas isoneutras, y la transformación de sus características termohalinas. La frecuencia de flotabilidad neutra aumentó en las capas centrales inferiores e intermedias superiores y disminuyó en las capas intermedias inferiores y profundas superiores. Las distribuciones del ángulo de Turner enfatizan la predominancia de dedos de sal en el Atlántico Norte, excepto en una capa gravitacionalmente estable ubicada inmediatamente por debajo del núcleo de aguas intermedias; esta capa estable se estrechó entre 1957 y 2010 debido al efecto conjunto del hundimiento de las isoneutras intermedias más profundas y la transformación de las Aguas Antárticas Intermedias en Aguas Noratlánticas Profundas. Concluimos que una porción significativa de la columna de agua experimentó tanto un aumento en la estratificación vertical como un incremento en el régimen de dedos de sal, dos mecanismos con efectos opuestos en la difusión vertical efectiva.
format Article in Journal/Newspaper
author San Antolín Plaza, Miguel Ángel
Pelegrí, Josep L.
Machín, Francisco José
Benítez Barrios, Verónica
author_facet San Antolín Plaza, Miguel Ángel
Pelegrí, Josep L.
Machín, Francisco José
Benítez Barrios, Verónica
author_sort San Antolín Plaza, Miguel Ángel
title Inter-decadal changes in stratification and double diffusion in a transatlantic section along 7.5°N
title_short Inter-decadal changes in stratification and double diffusion in a transatlantic section along 7.5°N
title_full Inter-decadal changes in stratification and double diffusion in a transatlantic section along 7.5°N
title_fullStr Inter-decadal changes in stratification and double diffusion in a transatlantic section along 7.5°N
title_full_unstemmed Inter-decadal changes in stratification and double diffusion in a transatlantic section along 7.5°N
title_sort inter-decadal changes in stratification and double diffusion in a transatlantic section along 7.5°n
publisher Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
publishDate 2012
url https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1384
https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03616.19G
long_lat ENVELOPE(-62.550,-62.550,-64.667,-64.667)
geographic Antarctic
Doble
geographic_facet Antarctic
Doble
genre Antarc*
Antarctic
North Atlantic
genre_facet Antarc*
Antarctic
North Atlantic
op_source Scientia Marina; Vol. 76 No. S1 (2012); 189-207
Scientia Marina; Vol. 76 Núm. S1 (2012); 189-207
1886-8134
0214-8358
10.3989/scimar.2012.76s1
op_relation https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1384/1488
Arhan M., Mercier H., Bourles B., Gouriou Y. 1998. Hydrographic sections across the Atlantic at 7°30N and 4°30S. Deep-Sea Res. Part I 45: 829-872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00001-6
Bindoff N.L., McDougall T.J. 1994. Diagnosing climate-change and ocean ventilation using hydrographic data. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24: 1137-1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<1137:DCCAOV>2.0.CO;2
Brandt P., Eden C. 2005. Annual cycle and interannual variability of the mid-depth tropical Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. Part I 52: 199-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.03.011
Bryden H.L., Longworth H.R., Cunningham S.A. 2005. Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25° N. Nature 435(7068): 655-657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04385 PMid:16319889
Cunningham S.A., Kanzow T., Rayner D., Baringer M.O., Johns W.E., Marotzke J., Longworth H.R., Grant E.M., Hirschi J.J.M., Beal L.M., Meinen C.S., Bryden H.L. 2007. Temporal Variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5°N. Science 317(5840): 935-938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1141304 PMid:17702940
Curry R.G., McCartney M.S. 2001. Ocean gyre circulation changes associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Phys. Ocea nogr. 12: 3374-3400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<3374:OGCCAW>2.0.CO;2
Fuglister F.L. 1960. Atlantic Ocean Atlas of Temperature and Salinity Profiles and Data from the International Geophysical Year of 1957-1958. Atlas Series, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Vol. 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/4331
Ganachaud A. 2003. Large-scale mass transports, water mass formation, and diffusivities estimated from World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) hydrographic data. J. Geophys. Res. 108: 3213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001565
Jackett T.R., McDougall T.J. 1997. A neutral density variable for the world's ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27: 237-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<0237:ANDVFT>2.0.CO;2
Kanzow T., Cunningham S.A., Rayner R., Hirschi J.J.M., Johns W.E., Baringer M.O., Bryden H.L., Beal L.M., Meinen C.S., Marotzke J. 2011. Observed flow compensation associated with the MOC at 26.5°N in the Atlantic. Science 317(5840): 938-941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1141293 PMid:17702941
Lappo S.S., Lozovatsky I.D., Morozov E.G., Sokov A.V., Shapovalov S.M. 2001. Variability of water structure in the Equatorial Atlantic. Dokl.-Earth Sci. Sect. 379: 739-743.
Lozier M.S., Owens W.B., Curry R. 1995. The climatology of the North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr. 36: 1-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(95)00013-5
Lux M., Mercier H., Arhan M. 2001. Interhemispheric exchanges of mass and heat in the Atlantic Ocean in January-March 1993. Deep-Sea Res. Part I 48: 605-638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00033-9
Marin F., Gouriou Y. 2000. Heat fluxes across 7°30'N and 4°30'S in the Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. Part I 47: 2111-2139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00022-4
Marsh R., de Cuevas B.A., Coward A.C., Bryden H.L., Alvarez M. 2005. Thermohaline circulation at three key sections in the North Atlantic over 1985-2002. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32: L10604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022281
McDougall T.J. 1987. Neutral surfaces. J. Phys, Oceanogr. 17: 1950-1964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<1950:NS>2.0.CO;2
Oudot C., Morin P., Baurand F., Wafar M., Le Corre P. 1998. Northern and southern water masses in the equatorial Atlantic: distribution of nutrients on the WOCE A6 and A7 lines. Deep-Sea Res. Part I 45: 873-902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00002-8
Ruddick B. 1983. A practical indicator of the stability of the water column to double-diffusive activity. Deep-Sea Res. 30: 1105-1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(83)90063-8
Ruddick B., Gargett A.E. 2003. Oceanic double-diffusion: introduction. Prog. Oceanogr. 56: 381-393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(03)00024-7
Schmitt R.W., Perkins H., Boyd J.D., Stalcup M.C. 1987. C-Salt: An investigation of the thermohaline staircase in the western tropical North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. Part A 34: 1655-1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90014-8
Schmitt R.W., Ledwell J.R., Montgomery E.T., Polzin K.L., Toole J.M. 2005. Enhanced diapycnal mixing by salt fingers in the thermocline of the Tropical Atlantic. Science 308: 685-688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1108678 PMid:15860625
Schott F.A., McCreary J.P., Johnson G.C. 2004. Shallow overturning circulations of the tropical-subtropical oceans. In: Wang C., Xie S.-P., Carton J.A. (eds.), Earth Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction. AGU Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 147: 261-304.
Steinacher M., Joos F., Frölicher T.L., Boop L., Cadule P., Cocco V., Doney S.C., Gehlen M., Lindsay K., Moore J.K., Schneider B., Segschneider J. 2010. Projected 21st century decrease in marine productivity: a multi-model analysis. Biogeosciences 7: 979-1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-979-2010
Stramma L., Schott F. 1999. The mean flow field of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. Part II 46: 279-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00109-X
Thorpe S.A. 1977. Turbulence and Mixing in a Scottish Loch. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A 286: 125-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1977.0112
Wunsch C., Heimbach P. 2006. Estimated Decadal Changes in the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heat Flux 1993–2004. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 36: 2012-2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JPO2957.1
You Y. 2002. A global ocean climatological atlas of the Turner angle: implications for double-diffusion and water-mass structure. Deep-Sea Res. Part I 49: 2075-2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00099-7
https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1384
doi:10.3989/scimar.03616.19G
op_rights Copyright (c) 2012 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
op_rightsnorm CC-BY
op_doi https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03616.19G
https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2012.76s1
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00001-6
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<1137:DCCAOV>2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.03.011
https://doi
container_title Scientia Marina
container_volume 76
container_issue S1
container_start_page 189
op_container_end_page 207
_version_ 1766159331583066112
spelling ftjscientiamarin:oai:scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es:article/1384 2023-05-15T13:41:51+02:00 Inter-decadal changes in stratification and double diffusion in a transatlantic section along 7.5°N Cambios interdecadales en estratificación y doble difusión en la sección transatlántica 7.5°N San Antolín Plaza, Miguel Ángel Pelegrí, Josep L. Machín, Francisco José Benítez Barrios, Verónica 2012-09-30 application/pdf https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1384 https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03616.19G eng eng Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1384/1488 Arhan M., Mercier H., Bourles B., Gouriou Y. 1998. Hydrographic sections across the Atlantic at 7°30N and 4°30S. Deep-Sea Res. Part I 45: 829-872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00001-6 Bindoff N.L., McDougall T.J. 1994. Diagnosing climate-change and ocean ventilation using hydrographic data. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24: 1137-1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<1137:DCCAOV>2.0.CO;2 Brandt P., Eden C. 2005. Annual cycle and interannual variability of the mid-depth tropical Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. Part I 52: 199-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.03.011 Bryden H.L., Longworth H.R., Cunningham S.A. 2005. Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25° N. Nature 435(7068): 655-657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04385 PMid:16319889 Cunningham S.A., Kanzow T., Rayner D., Baringer M.O., Johns W.E., Marotzke J., Longworth H.R., Grant E.M., Hirschi J.J.M., Beal L.M., Meinen C.S., Bryden H.L. 2007. Temporal Variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5°N. Science 317(5840): 935-938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1141304 PMid:17702940 Curry R.G., McCartney M.S. 2001. Ocean gyre circulation changes associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Phys. Ocea nogr. 12: 3374-3400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<3374:OGCCAW>2.0.CO;2 Fuglister F.L. 1960. Atlantic Ocean Atlas of Temperature and Salinity Profiles and Data from the International Geophysical Year of 1957-1958. Atlas Series, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Vol. 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/4331 Ganachaud A. 2003. Large-scale mass transports, water mass formation, and diffusivities estimated from World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) hydrographic data. J. Geophys. Res. 108: 3213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001565 Jackett T.R., McDougall T.J. 1997. A neutral density variable for the world's ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27: 237-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<0237:ANDVFT>2.0.CO;2 Kanzow T., Cunningham S.A., Rayner R., Hirschi J.J.M., Johns W.E., Baringer M.O., Bryden H.L., Beal L.M., Meinen C.S., Marotzke J. 2011. Observed flow compensation associated with the MOC at 26.5°N in the Atlantic. Science 317(5840): 938-941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1141293 PMid:17702941 Lappo S.S., Lozovatsky I.D., Morozov E.G., Sokov A.V., Shapovalov S.M. 2001. Variability of water structure in the Equatorial Atlantic. Dokl.-Earth Sci. Sect. 379: 739-743. Lozier M.S., Owens W.B., Curry R. 1995. The climatology of the North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr. 36: 1-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(95)00013-5 Lux M., Mercier H., Arhan M. 2001. Interhemispheric exchanges of mass and heat in the Atlantic Ocean in January-March 1993. Deep-Sea Res. Part I 48: 605-638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00033-9 Marin F., Gouriou Y. 2000. Heat fluxes across 7°30'N and 4°30'S in the Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. Part I 47: 2111-2139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00022-4 Marsh R., de Cuevas B.A., Coward A.C., Bryden H.L., Alvarez M. 2005. Thermohaline circulation at three key sections in the North Atlantic over 1985-2002. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32: L10604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022281 McDougall T.J. 1987. Neutral surfaces. J. Phys, Oceanogr. 17: 1950-1964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<1950:NS>2.0.CO;2 Oudot C., Morin P., Baurand F., Wafar M., Le Corre P. 1998. Northern and southern water masses in the equatorial Atlantic: distribution of nutrients on the WOCE A6 and A7 lines. Deep-Sea Res. Part I 45: 873-902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00002-8 Ruddick B. 1983. A practical indicator of the stability of the water column to double-diffusive activity. Deep-Sea Res. 30: 1105-1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(83)90063-8 Ruddick B., Gargett A.E. 2003. Oceanic double-diffusion: introduction. Prog. Oceanogr. 56: 381-393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(03)00024-7 Schmitt R.W., Perkins H., Boyd J.D., Stalcup M.C. 1987. C-Salt: An investigation of the thermohaline staircase in the western tropical North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. Part A 34: 1655-1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90014-8 Schmitt R.W., Ledwell J.R., Montgomery E.T., Polzin K.L., Toole J.M. 2005. Enhanced diapycnal mixing by salt fingers in the thermocline of the Tropical Atlantic. Science 308: 685-688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1108678 PMid:15860625 Schott F.A., McCreary J.P., Johnson G.C. 2004. Shallow overturning circulations of the tropical-subtropical oceans. In: Wang C., Xie S.-P., Carton J.A. (eds.), Earth Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction. AGU Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 147: 261-304. Steinacher M., Joos F., Frölicher T.L., Boop L., Cadule P., Cocco V., Doney S.C., Gehlen M., Lindsay K., Moore J.K., Schneider B., Segschneider J. 2010. Projected 21st century decrease in marine productivity: a multi-model analysis. Biogeosciences 7: 979-1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-979-2010 Stramma L., Schott F. 1999. The mean flow field of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. Part II 46: 279-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00109-X Thorpe S.A. 1977. Turbulence and Mixing in a Scottish Loch. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A 286: 125-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1977.0112 Wunsch C., Heimbach P. 2006. Estimated Decadal Changes in the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heat Flux 1993–2004. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 36: 2012-2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JPO2957.1 You Y. 2002. A global ocean climatological atlas of the Turner angle: implications for double-diffusion and water-mass structure. Deep-Sea Res. Part I 49: 2075-2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00099-7 https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1384 doi:10.3989/scimar.03616.19G Copyright (c) 2012 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 CC-BY Scientia Marina; Vol. 76 No. S1 (2012); 189-207 Scientia Marina; Vol. 76 Núm. S1 (2012); 189-207 1886-8134 0214-8358 10.3989/scimar.2012.76s1 transatlantic section stratification neutral buoyancy frequency Turner angle inter-decadal changes vertical diffusion sección trasatlántica estratificación frecuencia de flotabilidad neutra ángulo de Turner variaciones interdecadales difusión vertical info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed article Artículo revisado por pares 2012 ftjscientiamarin https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03616.19G https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2012.76s1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00001-6 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<1137:DCCAOV>2.0.CO;2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.03.011 https://doi 2022-03-20T16:31:16Z We use three transatlantic cruises (1957, 1993 and 2010) along 7.5°N to analyse inter-decadal variations of the neutral buoyancy frequency (with neutral density replacing potential density) and Turner angle. We also use Argo data from the 2003-2011 period to show that, within central and intermediate waters, the changes between the three sections are slightly greater than the seasonal and inter-annual variations, so they may be interpreted as actual inter-decadal variations. The results point to a generalized sinking of isoneutrals between 1957 and 2010, with maximum zonally-averaged values of about 100 m in the central and upper deep layers. They also reveal the occurrence of substantial changes in the intermediate and neighbouring water strata, with differential vertical sinking of isoneutrals and the transformation of their thermohaline characteristics. The neutral buoyancy frequency increased in the lower central and upper intermediate layers and decreased in the lower intermediate and upper deep layers. The distributions of Turner angle highlight a predominance of salt-fingering in the North Atlantic, except for a gravitationally doubly-stable layer located immediately below the intermediate water core; this stable layer thinned substantially between 1957 and 2010 because of the sinking of the lower intermediate isoneutrals acting together with actual water transformations from Antarctic Intermediate Waters into North Atlantic Deep Waters. We conclude that a significant portion of the water column underwent both increased vertical stratification and enhanced salt-fingering, two mechanisms with opposite effects on the effective vertical diffusion. Usamos tres campañas transatlánticas (1957, 1993 y 2010) a lo largo de 7.5°N para analizar las variaciones interdecadales de la frecuencia de flotabilidad neutra (con la densidad neutra reemplazando a la densidad potencial) y el ángulo de Turner. También utilizamos datos Argo del periodo 2003-2011 para mostrar que, en las aguas centrales e intermedias, los cambios entre las tres secciones son algo superiores a las variaciones estacionales o interanuales, de modo que pueden interpretarse como cambios interdecadales. Los resultados indican un hundimiento generalizado de las isoneutras entre 1957 y 2010, con valores máximos promediados zonalmente de unos 100 m en las aguas centrales y profundas superiores. También revelan la existencia de cambios substanciales en las aguas intermedias y los estratos vecinos, con desplazamientos verticales diferenciales de las distintas isoneutras, y la transformación de sus características termohalinas. La frecuencia de flotabilidad neutra aumentó en las capas centrales inferiores e intermedias superiores y disminuyó en las capas intermedias inferiores y profundas superiores. Las distribuciones del ángulo de Turner enfatizan la predominancia de dedos de sal en el Atlántico Norte, excepto en una capa gravitacionalmente estable ubicada inmediatamente por debajo del núcleo de aguas intermedias; esta capa estable se estrechó entre 1957 y 2010 debido al efecto conjunto del hundimiento de las isoneutras intermedias más profundas y la transformación de las Aguas Antárticas Intermedias en Aguas Noratlánticas Profundas. Concluimos que una porción significativa de la columna de agua experimentó tanto un aumento en la estratificación vertical como un incremento en el régimen de dedos de sal, dos mecanismos con efectos opuestos en la difusión vertical efectiva. Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctic North Atlantic Scientia Marina (E-Journal) Antarctic Doble ENVELOPE(-62.550,-62.550,-64.667,-64.667) Scientia Marina 76 S1 189 207