Multiparametric analysis and validation in the western Mediterranean of three global OGCM hindcasts

We analyse a hierarchy of three 1/4° global numerical simulations (ORCA-025.G70 (G70), ORCA-025.G85 (G85) and GLORYS1V1 (GLORYS)) by assessing their performance against observational data in the western Mediterranean. When compared with the EN3_v2a temperature and salinity database, the simulations...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Main Authors: Vidal-Vijande, Enrique, Pascual, Ananda, Barnier, Bernard, Molines, Jean Marc, Ferry, Nicolas, Tintore, Joaquín
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 2012
Subjects:
Online Access:https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1381
https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03613.19D
id ftjscientiamarin:oai:scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es:article/1381
record_format openpolar
institution Open Polar
collection Scientia Marina (E-Journal)
op_collection_id ftjscientiamarin
language English
topic sea level
altimetry
temperature
salinity
modelling
deep-water formation
transports
circulation
Mediterranean Sea
nivel del mar
altimetría
temperatura
salinidad
modelos numéricos
formación de aguas profundas
transportes
circulación
mar Mediterráneo
spellingShingle sea level
altimetry
temperature
salinity
modelling
deep-water formation
transports
circulation
Mediterranean Sea
nivel del mar
altimetría
temperatura
salinidad
modelos numéricos
formación de aguas profundas
transportes
circulación
mar Mediterráneo
Vidal-Vijande, Enrique
Pascual, Ananda
Barnier, Bernard
Molines, Jean Marc
Ferry, Nicolas
Tintore, Joaquín
Multiparametric analysis and validation in the western Mediterranean of three global OGCM hindcasts
topic_facet sea level
altimetry
temperature
salinity
modelling
deep-water formation
transports
circulation
Mediterranean Sea
nivel del mar
altimetría
temperatura
salinidad
modelos numéricos
formación de aguas profundas
transportes
circulación
mar Mediterráneo
description We analyse a hierarchy of three 1/4° global numerical simulations (ORCA-025.G70 (G70), ORCA-025.G85 (G85) and GLORYS1V1 (GLORYS)) by assessing their performance against observational data in the western Mediterranean. When compared with the EN3_v2a temperature and salinity database, the simulations are capable of reproducing surface layer temperature interannual variability but G70 is inaccurate with intermediate and deep-layer trends. This aspect is improved by the increased vertical resolution of G85 and by data assimilation in GLORYS. Salinity is the most problematic parameter because of the imbalance of the freshwater budget derived from inaccuracies in the atmospheric forcing parameters. Surface salinity restoring is needed in order to avoid salinity drift and inaccurate sea-level trends. G70, with a stronger relaxation, has a lower trend closer to altimetric measurements than G85. Mean surface circulation is well reproduced for relatively large-scale signals. We further show that G85 and GLORYS provide evidence of the 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 deep convection events in the Gulf of Lion. Finally, transports through the main straits of the western Mediterranean are correct in order of magnitude, direction and seasonal cycle when compared with observations. This study contributes to the improvement of the ORCA hierarchy of simulations and points out the strengths and weaknesses of these simulations in the Mediterranean Sea. Analizamos un conjunto de tres simulaciones numéricas globales de 1/4º (ORCA-025.G70 (G70), ORCA-025.G85 (G85) y GLORYS1V1 (GLORYS)) comparándolas con datos observacionales en el Mediterráneo Occidental (WMED). Contrastando con la base de datos de temperatura y salinidad EN3_v2a las simulaciones son capaces de reproducir la variabilidad superficial en temperatura sin embargo G70 exagera las tendencias en capas intermedias y profundas. Este aspecto es mejorado por la mayor resolución vertical de G85 y la asimilación de datos de GLORYS. La salinidad es el parámetro más problemático debido al desequilibrio del balance de agua dulce procedente de imprecisiones en los parámetros de forzamiento atmosférico. Relajación de salinidad superficial es necesaria para evitar derivas de salinidad y nivel del mar. De hecho G70 con su relajación más intensa tiene una tendencia más baja (y más cercana a mediciones altimétricas) que G85. La circulación promedio en superficie está bien reproducida para señales relativamente grandes. Además, demostramos que G85 y GLORYS muestran evidencia de los eventos de convección profunda de 2004-2005 y 2005-2006 en el Golfo de León. Finalmente, transportes a través de los principales canales y estrechos del Mediterráneo Occidental son correctos cuando se comparan con observaciones, tanto en orden de magnitud y dirección, como en el ciclo estacional. Este estudio contribuye a la mejora del conjunto de simulaciones ORCA y señala las fortalezas y debilidades de estas simulaciones en el Mar Mediterráneo.
format Article in Journal/Newspaper
author Vidal-Vijande, Enrique
Pascual, Ananda
Barnier, Bernard
Molines, Jean Marc
Ferry, Nicolas
Tintore, Joaquín
author_facet Vidal-Vijande, Enrique
Pascual, Ananda
Barnier, Bernard
Molines, Jean Marc
Ferry, Nicolas
Tintore, Joaquín
author_sort Vidal-Vijande, Enrique
title Multiparametric analysis and validation in the western Mediterranean of three global OGCM hindcasts
title_short Multiparametric analysis and validation in the western Mediterranean of three global OGCM hindcasts
title_full Multiparametric analysis and validation in the western Mediterranean of three global OGCM hindcasts
title_fullStr Multiparametric analysis and validation in the western Mediterranean of three global OGCM hindcasts
title_full_unstemmed Multiparametric analysis and validation in the western Mediterranean of three global OGCM hindcasts
title_sort multiparametric analysis and validation in the western mediterranean of three global ogcm hindcasts
publisher Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
publishDate 2012
url https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1381
https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03613.19D
long_lat ENVELOPE(-59.693,-59.693,-62.498,-62.498)
geographic Baja
Canales
geographic_facet Baja
Canales
genre Orca
genre_facet Orca
op_source Scientia Marina; Vol. 76 No. S1 (2012); 147-164
Scientia Marina; Vol. 76 Núm. S1 (2012); 147-164
1886-8134
0214-8358
10.3989/scimar.2012.76s1
op_relation https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1381/1484
Alvarez A., Tintoré J., Holloway G., Eby M., Beckers J.M. 1994. Effect of topographic stress on circulation in the western Mediterranean. J. Geophys. Res. 99: 16,053-16,064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94JC00811
Astraldi M., Balopoulos S., Candela J., Font J., Gacic M., Gasparini G. P., Manca B., Theocharis A., Tintoré J. 1999. The role of straits and channels in understanding the characteristics of Mediterranean circulation. Prog. Oceanogr. 44: 65-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00021-X
Barnier B., Madec G., Penduff T., Molines J.M., Treguier A.M., Sommer J.L., Beckmann A., Biastoch A., Böning C., Dengg J., Derval C., Durand E., Gulev S., Remy E., Talandier C., Theetten S., Maltrud M., McClean J., Cuevas B.D. 2006. Impact of partial steps and momentum advection schemes in a global ocean circulation model at eddy-permitting resolution. Ocean Dyn. 56: 543-567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0082-1
Barnier B., Brodeau L., Le Sommer J., Molines J.M., Penduff T., Theetten S., Treguier A.M., Madec G., Biastoch A., Böning C., Dengg J., Gulev S., Badie B.R., Chanut J., Garric G., Alderson S., Coward A., de Cuevas B., New A., Haines K., Smith G., Drijfhout S., Hazeleger W., Severijns C., Myers P. 2007. Eddy-permitting ocean circulation hindcasts of past decades. CLIVAR Exchanges 42 (vol 12, number 3): 8-10
Beranger K., Mortier L., Crepon M. 2005. Seasonal variability of water transport through the straits of Gibraltar, Sicily and Corsica, derived from a high-resolution model of the Mediterranean circulation. Prog. Oceanogr. 66: 341-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2004.07.013
Beranger K., Drillet Y., Houssais M-N., Testor P., Bourdallé-Badie R., Alhammoud B., Bozec A., Mortier L., Bouruet-Aubertot P., Crepon M. 2010. Impact of the spatial distribution of the atmospheric forcing on water mass formation in the Mediterranean Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 115: C12041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005648
Beuvier J., Sevault F., Herrmann M., Kontoyiannis H., Ludwig W., Rixen M., Stanev E., Béranger K., Somot S. 2010. Modeling the Mediterranean Sea interannual variability during 1961-2000: Focus on the eastern Mediterranean transient. J. Geophys. Res. 115: C08017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005950
Brodeau L., Barnier B., Treguier A.M., Penduff T., Gulev S. 2009. An ERA40-based atmospheric forcing for global ocean circulation models. Ocean Model. 31: 88-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.10.005
Calafat F.M. 2010. Quantification of the different contributions of long-term sea-level variability in the Mediterranean Sea. PhD thesis, Univ. Illes Balears.
Candela J. 2001. Mediterranean water and global circulation. In: Siedler G., Church J., Gould J. (eds.), Ocean Circulation and Climate. Academic Press, New York, pp. 419-429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(01)80132-7
Dobricic S. 2005. New mean dynamic topography of the Mediterranean calculated from assimilation system diagnostics. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32: L11606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022518
Fernández V., Dietrich D.E., Haney R.L., Tintoré J. 2005. Mesoscale, seasonal and interannual variability in the Mediterranean Sea using a numerical ocean model. Prog. Oceanogr. 66: 321-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2004.07.010
Ferry N., Parent L., Garric G., Barnier B., Jourdain N.C., Mercator Ocean Team. 2010. Mercator global eddy permitting ocean reanalysis GLORYS1V1: Description and results. Mercator Newsletter 36: 15-27.
Font J., Puig P., Salat J., Palanques A., Emelianov M. 2007. Sequence of hydrographic changes in NW Mediterranean deep water due to the exceptional winter of 2005. Sci. Mar. 71: 339-346.
Gaillard F., Autret E., Thierry V., Galaup P. 2008. Quality control of large Argo datasets. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 26: 337-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008JTECHO552.1
Gaillard F., Charraudeau R. 2008. New climatology and statistics over the global ocean. MERSEA del 5.4.7, Ref. CNRS-STR-001, IFREMER, 9 pp.
García-Lafuente J., Delgado J., Criado F. 2002a. Inflow interruption by meteorological forcing in the strait of Gibraltar. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29: 1914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015446
García-Lafuente J., Delgado J., Vargas J.M., Vargas M., Plaza F., Sarhan T. 2002b. Low-frequency variability of the exchanged flows through the strait of Gibraltar during CANIGO. Deep-Sea Res. II 49: 4051-4067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00142-X
Gomis D., Tsimplis M.N., Martín-Míguez B., Ratsimandresy A.W., García-Lafuente J., Josey S.A. 2006. Mediterranean sea level and barotropic flow through the strait of Gibraltar for the period 1958 – 2001 and reconstructed since 1659. J. Geophys. Res. 111: C11005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003186
Goosse H. 1997. Modelling the large scale behaviour of the coupled ocean-ice system. PhD thesis, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
Herrmann M., Somot S., Sevault F., Estournel C., Déqué M. 2008. Modeling the deep convection in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea using an eddy-permitting and an eddy-resolving model: Case study of winter 1986-1987. J. Geophys. Res. 113: C04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003991
Herrmann M., Sevault F., Beuvier J., Somot S. 2010. What induced the exceptional 2005 convection event in the northwestern Mediterranean basin? Answers from a modeling study. J. Geophys. Res. 115: C12051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006162
Herrmann M.J., Somot S. 2008. Relevance of ERA40 dynamical downscaling for modeling deep convection in the Mediterranean Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35: L04607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032442
Ingleby B., Huddleston M. 2007. Quality control of ocean temperature and salinity profiles – historical and real-time data. J. Mar. Syst. 65: 158-175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.11.019
Ishii M., Kimoto M. 2009. Reevaluation of historical ocean heat content variations with time-varying XBT and MBT depth bias corrections. J. Oceanogr. 65: 287-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-009-0027-7
Kantha L.H., Clayson C. 2000. Numerical models of Oceans and Oceanic Processes. Intl. Geophys. Series 66. Academic Press, USA.
Large W., Yeager S. 2004. Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models; The Data Sets and Flux Climatologies. Technical Report, NCAR/TN-460+STR, NCAR.
Larnicol G., Ayoub N., Le Traon P.Y. 2002. Major changes in Mediterranean Sea level variability from 7 years of TOPEX/Poseidon and ers-1/2 data. J. Mar. Syst. 33-34: 63-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00053-2
Lebeaupin Brossier C., Béranger K., Deltel C., Drobinski P. 2011. The Mediterranean response to different space-time resolution atmospheric forcings using perpetual mode sensitivity simulations. Ocean Model. 36: 1-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.10.008
Li L., Bozec A., Somot S., Béranger K., Bouruet-Aubertot P., Sevault F., Crépon M. 2006. Regional atmospheric, marine processes and climate modelling. In: Lionello P., Boscolo R. (eds.), Developments in Earth and Environmental Sciences, vol. 4, Elsevier, pp. 373-397.
López-Jurado J., Gonzalez-Pola C., Velez-Belchi P. 2005. Observation of an abrupt disruption of the long-term warming trend at the Balearic Sea, Western Mediterranean Sea, in summer 2005. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32: L24606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024430
Madec G. 2008. NEMO ocean engine. Note du Pôle de modélisation, 27. ISSN No 1288-1619. IPSL/LODYC, Université P. et M. Curie, B102 T15-E5, 4 place Jussieu, Paris cedex 5, France.
Madec G., Delecluse P., Imbard M., Levy C., 1998. OPA 8.1, Ocean general circulation model, reference manual. Notes du Pôle de modélisation. IPSL/LODYC, Université P. et M. Curie, B102 T15-E5, 4 place Jussieu, Paris cedex 5, France
MEDAR-Group 2002. MEDATLAS/2002 database: Mediterranean and Black Sea database of temperature salinity and biochemical parameters, in Climatological Atlas [CD-ROM], Fr. Res. Inst. For Exploit. of Sea, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France.
Millot C. 1999. Circulation in the western Mediterranean sea. J. Mar. Syst. 20: 423–442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(98)00078-5
Molines J.M., Barnier B., Penduff T., Brodeau L., Treguier A., Theetten S., Madec G. 2007. Definition of the interannual experiment ORCA025-G70, 1958-2004. Report LEGI-DRA-2-11- 2006i, LEGI.
Penduff T., Juza M., Barnier B. 2007. Assessing the realism of ocean simulations against hydrography and altimetry. CLIVAR Exchanges 12(3): 11-12.
Pinot J.M., Tintoré J., Gomis D. 1995. Multivariate analysis of the surface circulation in the Balearic Sea. Progr. Oceanogr. 36: 343-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(96)00003-1
Pinot J.M., López-Jurado J.L., Riera M. 2002. The CANALES Experiment (1996-1998). interannual, seasonal, and mesoscale variability of the circulation in the Balearic channels. Progr. Oceanogr. 55: 335-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00139-8
Pujol M.-I., Larnicol G. 2005. Mediterranean sea eddy kinetic energy variability from 11 years of altimetric data. J. Mar. Syst. 58:121-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.07.005
Rixen M., Beckers J.M., Levitus S., Antonov J., Boyer T., Maillard C., Fichaut M., Balopoulos E., Iona S., Dooley H., Garcia M.J., Manca B., Giorgetti A., Manzella G., Mikhailov N., Pinardi N., Zavatarelli M. 2005. The Western Mediterranean Deep Water: A proxy for climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32: L12608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022702
Ruiz S., Pascual A., Garau B., Faugere Y., Alvarez A., Tintoré J. 2009. Mesoscale dynamics of the Balearic front, integrating glider, ship and satellite data. J. Mar. Syst. 78: S3-S16 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.01.007
Sánchez-Román A., Sannino G., García-Lafuente J., Carillo A., Criado-Aldeanueva F. 2009. Transport estimates at the western section of the Strait of Gibraltar: A combined experimental and numerical modeling study. J. Geophys. Res. 114: C06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005023
Schroeder K., Gasparini G.P., Tangherlini M., Astraldi M. 2006. Deep and intermediate water in the western Mediterranean under the influence of the eastern Mediterranean transient. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33: L21607.
Schroeder K., Ribotti A., Borghini M., Sorgente R., Perilli A., Gasparini G.P. 2008a. An extensive western Mediterranean deep water renewal between 2004 and 2006. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35: L18605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035146
Schroeder K., Taillandier V., Vetrano A., Gasparini G. 2008b. The circulation of the western Mediterranean sea in spring 2005 as inferred from observations and from model outputs. Deep-Sea Res. I 55: 947-965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.04.003
Schroeder K., Josey S.A., Herrmann M., Grignon L., Gasparini G.P., Bryden H.L. 2010. Abrupt warming and salting of the western Mediterranean deep water after 2005: Atmospheric forcings and lateral advection. J. Geophys. Res. 115: C08029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005749
Sevault F., Somot S., Beuvier J. 2009. A regional version of the NEMO Ocean Engine on the Mediterranean Sea: NEMOMED8 user's guide. Groupe de Metéorologie de Grande Echelle et Clímat, CNRM, Toulouse, France, note de Centre, 107.
Simmons A., Gibson J. 2000. The ERA40 project plan. Technical Report 1, European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast, Reading, UK.
op_rights Copyright (c) 2012 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
op_rightsnorm CC-BY
op_doi https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03613.19D
https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2012.76s1
https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC00811
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00021-X
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0082-1
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2004.07.
container_title Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
container_volume 459
container_start_page 96
op_container_end_page 104
_version_ 1766161168181755904
spelling ftjscientiamarin:oai:scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es:article/1381 2023-05-15T17:53:28+02:00 Multiparametric analysis and validation in the western Mediterranean of three global OGCM hindcasts Análisis multiparamétrico y validación de tres simulaciones globales en el Mediterráneo occidental Vidal-Vijande, Enrique Pascual, Ananda Barnier, Bernard Molines, Jean Marc Ferry, Nicolas Tintore, Joaquín 2012-09-30 application/pdf https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1381 https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03613.19D eng eng Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1381/1484 Alvarez A., Tintoré J., Holloway G., Eby M., Beckers J.M. 1994. Effect of topographic stress on circulation in the western Mediterranean. J. Geophys. Res. 99: 16,053-16,064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94JC00811 Astraldi M., Balopoulos S., Candela J., Font J., Gacic M., Gasparini G. P., Manca B., Theocharis A., Tintoré J. 1999. The role of straits and channels in understanding the characteristics of Mediterranean circulation. Prog. Oceanogr. 44: 65-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00021-X Barnier B., Madec G., Penduff T., Molines J.M., Treguier A.M., Sommer J.L., Beckmann A., Biastoch A., Böning C., Dengg J., Derval C., Durand E., Gulev S., Remy E., Talandier C., Theetten S., Maltrud M., McClean J., Cuevas B.D. 2006. Impact of partial steps and momentum advection schemes in a global ocean circulation model at eddy-permitting resolution. Ocean Dyn. 56: 543-567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0082-1 Barnier B., Brodeau L., Le Sommer J., Molines J.M., Penduff T., Theetten S., Treguier A.M., Madec G., Biastoch A., Böning C., Dengg J., Gulev S., Badie B.R., Chanut J., Garric G., Alderson S., Coward A., de Cuevas B., New A., Haines K., Smith G., Drijfhout S., Hazeleger W., Severijns C., Myers P. 2007. Eddy-permitting ocean circulation hindcasts of past decades. CLIVAR Exchanges 42 (vol 12, number 3): 8-10 Beranger K., Mortier L., Crepon M. 2005. Seasonal variability of water transport through the straits of Gibraltar, Sicily and Corsica, derived from a high-resolution model of the Mediterranean circulation. Prog. Oceanogr. 66: 341-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2004.07.013 Beranger K., Drillet Y., Houssais M-N., Testor P., Bourdallé-Badie R., Alhammoud B., Bozec A., Mortier L., Bouruet-Aubertot P., Crepon M. 2010. Impact of the spatial distribution of the atmospheric forcing on water mass formation in the Mediterranean Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 115: C12041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005648 Beuvier J., Sevault F., Herrmann M., Kontoyiannis H., Ludwig W., Rixen M., Stanev E., Béranger K., Somot S. 2010. Modeling the Mediterranean Sea interannual variability during 1961-2000: Focus on the eastern Mediterranean transient. J. Geophys. Res. 115: C08017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005950 Brodeau L., Barnier B., Treguier A.M., Penduff T., Gulev S. 2009. An ERA40-based atmospheric forcing for global ocean circulation models. Ocean Model. 31: 88-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.10.005 Calafat F.M. 2010. Quantification of the different contributions of long-term sea-level variability in the Mediterranean Sea. PhD thesis, Univ. Illes Balears. Candela J. 2001. Mediterranean water and global circulation. In: Siedler G., Church J., Gould J. (eds.), Ocean Circulation and Climate. Academic Press, New York, pp. 419-429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(01)80132-7 Dobricic S. 2005. New mean dynamic topography of the Mediterranean calculated from assimilation system diagnostics. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32: L11606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022518 Fernández V., Dietrich D.E., Haney R.L., Tintoré J. 2005. Mesoscale, seasonal and interannual variability in the Mediterranean Sea using a numerical ocean model. Prog. Oceanogr. 66: 321-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2004.07.010 Ferry N., Parent L., Garric G., Barnier B., Jourdain N.C., Mercator Ocean Team. 2010. Mercator global eddy permitting ocean reanalysis GLORYS1V1: Description and results. Mercator Newsletter 36: 15-27. Font J., Puig P., Salat J., Palanques A., Emelianov M. 2007. Sequence of hydrographic changes in NW Mediterranean deep water due to the exceptional winter of 2005. Sci. Mar. 71: 339-346. Gaillard F., Autret E., Thierry V., Galaup P. 2008. Quality control of large Argo datasets. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 26: 337-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008JTECHO552.1 Gaillard F., Charraudeau R. 2008. New climatology and statistics over the global ocean. MERSEA del 5.4.7, Ref. CNRS-STR-001, IFREMER, 9 pp. García-Lafuente J., Delgado J., Criado F. 2002a. Inflow interruption by meteorological forcing in the strait of Gibraltar. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29: 1914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015446 García-Lafuente J., Delgado J., Vargas J.M., Vargas M., Plaza F., Sarhan T. 2002b. Low-frequency variability of the exchanged flows through the strait of Gibraltar during CANIGO. Deep-Sea Res. II 49: 4051-4067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00142-X Gomis D., Tsimplis M.N., Martín-Míguez B., Ratsimandresy A.W., García-Lafuente J., Josey S.A. 2006. Mediterranean sea level and barotropic flow through the strait of Gibraltar for the period 1958 – 2001 and reconstructed since 1659. J. Geophys. Res. 111: C11005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003186 Goosse H. 1997. Modelling the large scale behaviour of the coupled ocean-ice system. PhD thesis, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Herrmann M., Somot S., Sevault F., Estournel C., Déqué M. 2008. Modeling the deep convection in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea using an eddy-permitting and an eddy-resolving model: Case study of winter 1986-1987. J. Geophys. Res. 113: C04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003991 Herrmann M., Sevault F., Beuvier J., Somot S. 2010. What induced the exceptional 2005 convection event in the northwestern Mediterranean basin? Answers from a modeling study. J. Geophys. Res. 115: C12051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006162 Herrmann M.J., Somot S. 2008. Relevance of ERA40 dynamical downscaling for modeling deep convection in the Mediterranean Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35: L04607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032442 Ingleby B., Huddleston M. 2007. Quality control of ocean temperature and salinity profiles – historical and real-time data. J. Mar. Syst. 65: 158-175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.11.019 Ishii M., Kimoto M. 2009. Reevaluation of historical ocean heat content variations with time-varying XBT and MBT depth bias corrections. J. Oceanogr. 65: 287-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-009-0027-7 Kantha L.H., Clayson C. 2000. Numerical models of Oceans and Oceanic Processes. Intl. Geophys. Series 66. Academic Press, USA. Large W., Yeager S. 2004. Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models; The Data Sets and Flux Climatologies. Technical Report, NCAR/TN-460+STR, NCAR. Larnicol G., Ayoub N., Le Traon P.Y. 2002. Major changes in Mediterranean Sea level variability from 7 years of TOPEX/Poseidon and ers-1/2 data. J. Mar. Syst. 33-34: 63-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00053-2 Lebeaupin Brossier C., Béranger K., Deltel C., Drobinski P. 2011. The Mediterranean response to different space-time resolution atmospheric forcings using perpetual mode sensitivity simulations. Ocean Model. 36: 1-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.10.008 Li L., Bozec A., Somot S., Béranger K., Bouruet-Aubertot P., Sevault F., Crépon M. 2006. Regional atmospheric, marine processes and climate modelling. In: Lionello P., Boscolo R. (eds.), Developments in Earth and Environmental Sciences, vol. 4, Elsevier, pp. 373-397. López-Jurado J., Gonzalez-Pola C., Velez-Belchi P. 2005. Observation of an abrupt disruption of the long-term warming trend at the Balearic Sea, Western Mediterranean Sea, in summer 2005. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32: L24606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024430 Madec G. 2008. NEMO ocean engine. Note du Pôle de modélisation, 27. ISSN No 1288-1619. IPSL/LODYC, Université P. et M. Curie, B102 T15-E5, 4 place Jussieu, Paris cedex 5, France. Madec G., Delecluse P., Imbard M., Levy C., 1998. OPA 8.1, Ocean general circulation model, reference manual. Notes du Pôle de modélisation. IPSL/LODYC, Université P. et M. Curie, B102 T15-E5, 4 place Jussieu, Paris cedex 5, France MEDAR-Group 2002. MEDATLAS/2002 database: Mediterranean and Black Sea database of temperature salinity and biochemical parameters, in Climatological Atlas [CD-ROM], Fr. Res. Inst. For Exploit. of Sea, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France. Millot C. 1999. Circulation in the western Mediterranean sea. J. Mar. Syst. 20: 423–442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(98)00078-5 Molines J.M., Barnier B., Penduff T., Brodeau L., Treguier A., Theetten S., Madec G. 2007. Definition of the interannual experiment ORCA025-G70, 1958-2004. Report LEGI-DRA-2-11- 2006i, LEGI. Penduff T., Juza M., Barnier B. 2007. Assessing the realism of ocean simulations against hydrography and altimetry. CLIVAR Exchanges 12(3): 11-12. Pinot J.M., Tintoré J., Gomis D. 1995. Multivariate analysis of the surface circulation in the Balearic Sea. Progr. Oceanogr. 36: 343-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(96)00003-1 Pinot J.M., López-Jurado J.L., Riera M. 2002. The CANALES Experiment (1996-1998). interannual, seasonal, and mesoscale variability of the circulation in the Balearic channels. Progr. Oceanogr. 55: 335-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00139-8 Pujol M.-I., Larnicol G. 2005. Mediterranean sea eddy kinetic energy variability from 11 years of altimetric data. J. Mar. Syst. 58:121-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.07.005 Rixen M., Beckers J.M., Levitus S., Antonov J., Boyer T., Maillard C., Fichaut M., Balopoulos E., Iona S., Dooley H., Garcia M.J., Manca B., Giorgetti A., Manzella G., Mikhailov N., Pinardi N., Zavatarelli M. 2005. The Western Mediterranean Deep Water: A proxy for climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32: L12608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022702 Ruiz S., Pascual A., Garau B., Faugere Y., Alvarez A., Tintoré J. 2009. Mesoscale dynamics of the Balearic front, integrating glider, ship and satellite data. J. Mar. Syst. 78: S3-S16 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.01.007 Sánchez-Román A., Sannino G., García-Lafuente J., Carillo A., Criado-Aldeanueva F. 2009. Transport estimates at the western section of the Strait of Gibraltar: A combined experimental and numerical modeling study. J. Geophys. Res. 114: C06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005023 Schroeder K., Gasparini G.P., Tangherlini M., Astraldi M. 2006. Deep and intermediate water in the western Mediterranean under the influence of the eastern Mediterranean transient. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33: L21607. Schroeder K., Ribotti A., Borghini M., Sorgente R., Perilli A., Gasparini G.P. 2008a. An extensive western Mediterranean deep water renewal between 2004 and 2006. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35: L18605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035146 Schroeder K., Taillandier V., Vetrano A., Gasparini G. 2008b. The circulation of the western Mediterranean sea in spring 2005 as inferred from observations and from model outputs. Deep-Sea Res. I 55: 947-965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.04.003 Schroeder K., Josey S.A., Herrmann M., Grignon L., Gasparini G.P., Bryden H.L. 2010. Abrupt warming and salting of the western Mediterranean deep water after 2005: Atmospheric forcings and lateral advection. J. Geophys. Res. 115: C08029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005749 Sevault F., Somot S., Beuvier J. 2009. A regional version of the NEMO Ocean Engine on the Mediterranean Sea: NEMOMED8 user's guide. Groupe de Metéorologie de Grande Echelle et Clímat, CNRM, Toulouse, France, note de Centre, 107. Simmons A., Gibson J. 2000. The ERA40 project plan. Technical Report 1, European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast, Reading, UK. Copyright (c) 2012 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 CC-BY Scientia Marina; Vol. 76 No. S1 (2012); 147-164 Scientia Marina; Vol. 76 Núm. S1 (2012); 147-164 1886-8134 0214-8358 10.3989/scimar.2012.76s1 sea level altimetry temperature salinity modelling deep-water formation transports circulation Mediterranean Sea nivel del mar altimetría temperatura salinidad modelos numéricos formación de aguas profundas transportes circulación mar Mediterráneo info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed article Artículo revisado por pares 2012 ftjscientiamarin https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03613.19D https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2012.76s1 https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC00811 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00021-X https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0082-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2004.07. 2022-03-20T16:31:16Z We analyse a hierarchy of three 1/4° global numerical simulations (ORCA-025.G70 (G70), ORCA-025.G85 (G85) and GLORYS1V1 (GLORYS)) by assessing their performance against observational data in the western Mediterranean. When compared with the EN3_v2a temperature and salinity database, the simulations are capable of reproducing surface layer temperature interannual variability but G70 is inaccurate with intermediate and deep-layer trends. This aspect is improved by the increased vertical resolution of G85 and by data assimilation in GLORYS. Salinity is the most problematic parameter because of the imbalance of the freshwater budget derived from inaccuracies in the atmospheric forcing parameters. Surface salinity restoring is needed in order to avoid salinity drift and inaccurate sea-level trends. G70, with a stronger relaxation, has a lower trend closer to altimetric measurements than G85. Mean surface circulation is well reproduced for relatively large-scale signals. We further show that G85 and GLORYS provide evidence of the 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 deep convection events in the Gulf of Lion. Finally, transports through the main straits of the western Mediterranean are correct in order of magnitude, direction and seasonal cycle when compared with observations. This study contributes to the improvement of the ORCA hierarchy of simulations and points out the strengths and weaknesses of these simulations in the Mediterranean Sea. Analizamos un conjunto de tres simulaciones numéricas globales de 1/4º (ORCA-025.G70 (G70), ORCA-025.G85 (G85) y GLORYS1V1 (GLORYS)) comparándolas con datos observacionales en el Mediterráneo Occidental (WMED). Contrastando con la base de datos de temperatura y salinidad EN3_v2a las simulaciones son capaces de reproducir la variabilidad superficial en temperatura sin embargo G70 exagera las tendencias en capas intermedias y profundas. Este aspecto es mejorado por la mayor resolución vertical de G85 y la asimilación de datos de GLORYS. La salinidad es el parámetro más problemático debido al desequilibrio del balance de agua dulce procedente de imprecisiones en los parámetros de forzamiento atmosférico. Relajación de salinidad superficial es necesaria para evitar derivas de salinidad y nivel del mar. De hecho G70 con su relajación más intensa tiene una tendencia más baja (y más cercana a mediciones altimétricas) que G85. La circulación promedio en superficie está bien reproducida para señales relativamente grandes. Además, demostramos que G85 y GLORYS muestran evidencia de los eventos de convección profunda de 2004-2005 y 2005-2006 en el Golfo de León. Finalmente, transportes a través de los principales canales y estrechos del Mediterráneo Occidental son correctos cuando se comparan con observaciones, tanto en orden de magnitud y dirección, como en el ciclo estacional. Este estudio contribuye a la mejora del conjunto de simulaciones ORCA y señala las fortalezas y debilidades de estas simulaciones en el Mar Mediterráneo. Article in Journal/Newspaper Orca Scientia Marina (E-Journal) Baja Canales ENVELOPE(-59.693,-59.693,-62.498,-62.498) Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 459 96 104