Diversity and distribution of the Gastropoda Opisthobranchia from the Atlantic Ocean: A global biogeographic approach
A zoogeographic study of the Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the Atlantic Ocean was carried out. Data on Opisthobranch occurrence were collated from literature records and databases. An estimated 1066 species were considered for this study, which belonged to the orders Cephalaspidea, Ana...
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2009
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Scientia Marina (E-Journal) |
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amphiatlantism Atlantic Ocean Gastropoda marine biogeography Mollusca Opisthobranchia anfiatlantismo biogeografía marina océano Atlántico |
spellingShingle |
amphiatlantism Atlantic Ocean Gastropoda marine biogeography Mollusca Opisthobranchia anfiatlantismo biogeografía marina océano Atlántico García, Francisco J. Bertsch, Hans Diversity and distribution of the Gastropoda Opisthobranchia from the Atlantic Ocean: A global biogeographic approach |
topic_facet |
amphiatlantism Atlantic Ocean Gastropoda marine biogeography Mollusca Opisthobranchia anfiatlantismo biogeografía marina océano Atlántico |
description |
A zoogeographic study of the Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the Atlantic Ocean was carried out. Data on Opisthobranch occurrence were collated from literature records and databases. An estimated 1066 species were considered for this study, which belonged to the orders Cephalaspidea, Anaspidea, Sacoglossa, Notaspidea and Nudibranchia. Biogeographical patterns were analysed using cluster analysis (TWINSPAN) and ordination MDS (non-metric multidimensional scaling program). The richness of opisthobranchs increases from polar to tropical regions along Atlantic shores. The cluster analysis showed that there is a latitudinal and longitudinal separation of the biogeographical areas. The amphiatlantic species can be separated into four groups according to their distribution: G1.1.- the geographic range of species is limited to cold water on both sides of the Atlantic; G1.2.- species with geographic ranges limited to the western Arctic and Boreal regions, with a wide distribution in the eastern Atlantic, from the eastern Arctic or the eastern Boreal region to the Lusitanian and Mediterranean provinces; G2.1.- species with geographic ranges limited to the Caribbean and Mauritanian-Senegalese areas; G2.2.- species with a wide geographical distribution along both Atlantic shores. Se realiza un estudio zoogeográfico de los Opistobranquios (Mollusca, Gastropoda) del Océano Atlántico. Los datos de distribución proceden de referencias bibliográficas y de bases de datos. El número de especies consideradas es de 1066, pertenecientes a los órdenes Cephalaspidea, Anaspidea, Sacoglossa, Notaspidea y Nudibranchia. Los modelos biogeográficos fueron analizados empleando análisis de agrupamiento (TWINSPAN) y de ordenación (MDS). A lo largo de los márgenes del océano, se detecta un incremento de la riqueza de especies desde las regiones polares hacia las tropicales. Los análisis mostraron la existencia de separaciones latitudinales y longitudinales de las áreas biogeográficas a partir de las comunidades de opistobranquios. Según la distribución que presentan las especies anfiatlánticas, éstas se pueden reunir en cuatro grupos: G1.1, especies cuyo rango de distribución están limitados a las aguas frías más septentrionales; G1.2, especies con rango de distribución estrecho en el Atlántico Occidental (regiones Ártica y Boreal) y amplio en el Atlántico Oriental (desde el Ártico o Boreal hasta las provincias Lusitánica y Mediterránea); G2.1, especies con rango de distribución geográfica limitado a las áreas Caribeña, en el Atlántico Occidental y Mauritánica o Senegalense en el Atlántico Oriental; G2.2, especies con amplio rango de distribución en ambos lados del Atlántico. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
García, Francisco J. Bertsch, Hans |
author_facet |
García, Francisco J. Bertsch, Hans |
author_sort |
García, Francisco J. |
title |
Diversity and distribution of the Gastropoda Opisthobranchia from the Atlantic Ocean: A global biogeographic approach |
title_short |
Diversity and distribution of the Gastropoda Opisthobranchia from the Atlantic Ocean: A global biogeographic approach |
title_full |
Diversity and distribution of the Gastropoda Opisthobranchia from the Atlantic Ocean: A global biogeographic approach |
title_fullStr |
Diversity and distribution of the Gastropoda Opisthobranchia from the Atlantic Ocean: A global biogeographic approach |
title_full_unstemmed |
Diversity and distribution of the Gastropoda Opisthobranchia from the Atlantic Ocean: A global biogeographic approach |
title_sort |
diversity and distribution of the gastropoda opisthobranchia from the atlantic ocean: a global biogeographic approach |
publisher |
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas |
publishDate |
2009 |
url |
https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1050 https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2009.73n1153 |
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ENVELOPE(-60.783,-60.783,-62.467,-62.467) |
geographic |
Arctic Estrecho |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Estrecho |
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Arctic Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic |
op_source |
Scientia Marina; Vol. 73 No. 1 (2009); 153-160 Scientia Marina; Vol. 73 Núm. 1 (2009); 153-160 1886-8134 0214-8358 10.3989/scimar.2009.73n1 |
op_relation |
https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1050/1092 https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1050/2731 Attrill, M.J., R. Stafford and A.A. Rowden. – 2001. Latitudinal diversity patterns in estuarine tidal flats: indications of a global cline. Ecography, 24: 318-324. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0587.2001.240309.x Berggreen, W. and C.D. Hollister. – 1974. Paleogeography, paleobiogeography and the history of circulation in the Atlantic Ocean. Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists Spec. Pub., 20: 126-186. Bertsch, H. – 2008. Biogeography of northeast Pacific opisthobranchs: comparative faunal province studies between 34º 23’ N and the equator. WSM 2008 Meeting, 41: 13-14. Bertsch, H. and A. Hermosillo. – 2007. Biogeografía alimenticia de los opistobranquios del Pacífico noreste. In: E. Ríos-Jara, M. de C. Esqueda-González and C.M. Galván-Villa (eds.), Estudios sobre la malacología y conquiliología en México. pp. 73-75. Univ. Guadalajara. Boschi, E.E. – 2000. Species of Decapod Crustaceans and their distribution in the American marine zoogeographic provinces. Rev. Invest. Des. Pesq., 13: 7-136. Bridge, M.C., B.A. Haggart and J.J. Lowe. – 1990. The history and oalaeoclimatic significance of sub-fossil remains of Pinus silvestris in blanket peats from Scotland. J. Ecol., 78: 77-99. doi:10.2307/2261038 Briggs, J.C. – 1974. Marine Zoogeography. MacGraw-Hill, New York. Chown, S.L., B.J. Sinclair, H.P. Leinaas and K.J. Gaston. – 2004. Hemispheric asymmetries in biodiversity – A serious matter for ecology. PLoS Biology, 28: 1701-1707. Clark, K.B. – 1975. Nudibranch life cycles in the Northwest Atlantic and their relationship to the ecology of fouling communities. Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters, 27: 28-69. doi:10.1007/BF01611686 Clark, K.B. and A. Goetzfried. – 1978. Zoogeographic influences on development patterns of North Atlantic Ascoglossa and Nudibranchia, with discussion of factors affecting egg size and number. J. Moll. Stud., 44: 283-294. Day, J.H., J.G. Field and M.P. Montgomery. – 1971. The use of numerical methods to determine the distribution of the benthic fauna across the continental shelf of North Carolina. J. Animal Ecol., 40(1): 93-125. doi:10.2307/3333 Edmunds, M. – 1977. Larval development, oceanic currents, and origins of the opisthobranch fauna of Ghana. J. Moll. Stud., 43: 301-308. Ekman, S. – 1953. Zoogeography of the sea. Sidgwick and Jackson, London. Franz, D.R. – 1970. Zoogeography of Northwest Atlantic opisthobranch molluscs. Mar. Biol., 7: 171-180. doi:10.1007/BF00354923 García-Talavera, F. – 1983. Los moluscos gasterópodos anfiatlánticos. Estudio paleo y biogeográfico de las especies bentónicas litorales. Publ. Univ. La Laguna. Monografías, nº 10. Giangrande, A. and M. Licciano. – 2004. Factors influencing latitudinal pattern of biodiversity: an example using Sabellidae (Annelida, Polychaeta). Biodiversity Conserv., 13: 1633-1646. doi:10.1023/B:BIOC.0000029327.63397.6b Goddard, J.H.R. – 2004. Developmental mode in benthic opisthobranch mollusks from the northeast Pacific Ocean: feeding in a sea of plenty. Can. J. Zool., 82, 1954-1968. doi:10.1139/z05-008 Gosliner, T.M. – 1987. Biogeography of the opisthobranch gastropod fauna of Southern Africa. Amer. Malac. Bull., 5: 243-258. Hermosillo, A. – 2006. Ecología de los opistobranquios (Mollusca) de Bahía de Banderas, Jalisco-Nayarit, México. Ph. D. thesis, Univ. Guadalajara. Hill, M.O. – 1979. TWINSPAN: a FORTRAN program for arranging multivariate data in an ordered two-way table by classification of the individuals and attributes. Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Knudsen, J. – 1956. Marine Prosobranchs of tropical West Africa (Stenoglossa). Atlantide Rep., 4: 7-110. López de la Cuadra, C.M. and J.C. García-Gómez. – 1994. Zoogeographical study of the Cheilostematida from the Straits of Gibraltar. In: P.J. Hayward, Ryland, J.S. and Taylor, P.D. (eds.), Biology and Palaeobiology of Bryozoans, pp. 107-112. Olsen and Olsen, Denmark. Marcus, E. d. B.-R. and E.Marcus. – 1966. Opisthobranchs from tropical West Africa. Stud. Trop. Oceanogr., 4: 152-208. Miller, M.G. – 1961. Distribution and food of the nudibranchiate Mollusca of the south of the Isle of Man. J. Animal Ecol., 30: 96-116. doi:10.2307/2116 Naranjo, S., J.L. Carballo and J.C. García-Gómez. – 1998. Towards a knowledge of marine boundaries using ascidians as indicators: characterising transition zones for species distribution along Atlantic- Mediterranean shores. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 64: 151-177. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1998.tb01539.x Peteet, D., A. Andreew, W. Bardeen and F. Mistretta. – 1998. Longterm Arctic peatland dynamics, vegetation and climate history of the Pur-Taz region, western Siberia. Boreas, 27: 115-126. Petryashev, V.V. – 2002. Leptostraca, Mysidacea, Isopoda, and Decapada (Anomura) (Crustacea, Malacostraca) of the Chukchi sea and adjacent waters: Biogeography and fauna formation. Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 28(suppl. 1): S56-S63. doi:10.1023/A:1021842123310 Pianka, E.R. – 1966. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: a review of concepts. Am. Nat., 100: 33-46. doi:10.1086/282398 Scheltema, R.S. – 1995. The relevance of passive dispersal for the biogeography of Caribbean mollusks. Amer. Malac. Bull., 11: 99-115. Schrödl, M. – 1999. Zoogeographic relationships of the Magellan Nudibranchia (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) with particular reference to species from adjacent regions. Sci. Mar., 63(Supl. 1): 409-416. Templado, J., A.A. Luque and J. Ortea. – 1990. A commented check-list of the amphiatlantic Ascoglossa and Nudibranchia (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia). Lavori S.I.M., 23: 295-326. Thorson, G. – 1941. Marine Gastropoda Prosobranchiata. Zoology Iceland, 4: 1-150. Thorson, G. – 1957. Bottom communities (sublittoral or shallow shelf). In: J.W. Hedgpeth (ed.), Treatise on marine ecology and paleoecology, pp. 461-534. Geol. Soc. Am. Willig, M.R., D.M. Kaufman and R.D. Steven. – 2003. Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: pattern, process, scale and synthesis. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 34: 273-309. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.012103.144032 https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1050 doi:10.3989/scimar.2009.73n1153 |
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Copyright (c) 2009 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
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https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2009.73n1153 https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2009.73n1 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2001.240309.x https://doi.org/10.2307/2261038 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01611686 https://doi.org/10.2307/3333 https://doi. |
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ftjscientiamarin:oai:scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es:article/1050 2023-05-15T14:28:25+02:00 Diversity and distribution of the Gastropoda Opisthobranchia from the Atlantic Ocean: A global biogeographic approach Diversidad y distribución de los Gasterópodos Opistobranquios del Océano Atlántico. Un enfoque biogeográfico global García, Francisco J. Bertsch, Hans 2009-03-30 application/pdf https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1050 https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2009.73n1153 eng eng Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1050/1092 https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1050/2731 Attrill, M.J., R. Stafford and A.A. Rowden. – 2001. Latitudinal diversity patterns in estuarine tidal flats: indications of a global cline. Ecography, 24: 318-324. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0587.2001.240309.x Berggreen, W. and C.D. Hollister. – 1974. Paleogeography, paleobiogeography and the history of circulation in the Atlantic Ocean. Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists Spec. Pub., 20: 126-186. Bertsch, H. – 2008. Biogeography of northeast Pacific opisthobranchs: comparative faunal province studies between 34º 23’ N and the equator. WSM 2008 Meeting, 41: 13-14. Bertsch, H. and A. Hermosillo. – 2007. Biogeografía alimenticia de los opistobranquios del Pacífico noreste. In: E. Ríos-Jara, M. de C. Esqueda-González and C.M. Galván-Villa (eds.), Estudios sobre la malacología y conquiliología en México. pp. 73-75. Univ. Guadalajara. Boschi, E.E. – 2000. Species of Decapod Crustaceans and their distribution in the American marine zoogeographic provinces. Rev. Invest. Des. Pesq., 13: 7-136. Bridge, M.C., B.A. Haggart and J.J. Lowe. – 1990. The history and oalaeoclimatic significance of sub-fossil remains of Pinus silvestris in blanket peats from Scotland. J. Ecol., 78: 77-99. doi:10.2307/2261038 Briggs, J.C. – 1974. Marine Zoogeography. MacGraw-Hill, New York. Chown, S.L., B.J. Sinclair, H.P. Leinaas and K.J. Gaston. – 2004. Hemispheric asymmetries in biodiversity – A serious matter for ecology. PLoS Biology, 28: 1701-1707. Clark, K.B. – 1975. Nudibranch life cycles in the Northwest Atlantic and their relationship to the ecology of fouling communities. Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters, 27: 28-69. doi:10.1007/BF01611686 Clark, K.B. and A. Goetzfried. – 1978. Zoogeographic influences on development patterns of North Atlantic Ascoglossa and Nudibranchia, with discussion of factors affecting egg size and number. J. Moll. Stud., 44: 283-294. Day, J.H., J.G. Field and M.P. Montgomery. – 1971. The use of numerical methods to determine the distribution of the benthic fauna across the continental shelf of North Carolina. J. Animal Ecol., 40(1): 93-125. doi:10.2307/3333 Edmunds, M. – 1977. Larval development, oceanic currents, and origins of the opisthobranch fauna of Ghana. J. Moll. Stud., 43: 301-308. Ekman, S. – 1953. Zoogeography of the sea. Sidgwick and Jackson, London. Franz, D.R. – 1970. Zoogeography of Northwest Atlantic opisthobranch molluscs. Mar. Biol., 7: 171-180. doi:10.1007/BF00354923 García-Talavera, F. – 1983. Los moluscos gasterópodos anfiatlánticos. Estudio paleo y biogeográfico de las especies bentónicas litorales. Publ. Univ. La Laguna. Monografías, nº 10. Giangrande, A. and M. Licciano. – 2004. Factors influencing latitudinal pattern of biodiversity: an example using Sabellidae (Annelida, Polychaeta). Biodiversity Conserv., 13: 1633-1646. doi:10.1023/B:BIOC.0000029327.63397.6b Goddard, J.H.R. – 2004. Developmental mode in benthic opisthobranch mollusks from the northeast Pacific Ocean: feeding in a sea of plenty. Can. J. Zool., 82, 1954-1968. doi:10.1139/z05-008 Gosliner, T.M. – 1987. Biogeography of the opisthobranch gastropod fauna of Southern Africa. Amer. Malac. Bull., 5: 243-258. Hermosillo, A. – 2006. Ecología de los opistobranquios (Mollusca) de Bahía de Banderas, Jalisco-Nayarit, México. Ph. D. thesis, Univ. Guadalajara. Hill, M.O. – 1979. TWINSPAN: a FORTRAN program for arranging multivariate data in an ordered two-way table by classification of the individuals and attributes. Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Knudsen, J. – 1956. Marine Prosobranchs of tropical West Africa (Stenoglossa). Atlantide Rep., 4: 7-110. López de la Cuadra, C.M. and J.C. García-Gómez. – 1994. Zoogeographical study of the Cheilostematida from the Straits of Gibraltar. In: P.J. Hayward, Ryland, J.S. and Taylor, P.D. (eds.), Biology and Palaeobiology of Bryozoans, pp. 107-112. Olsen and Olsen, Denmark. Marcus, E. d. B.-R. and E.Marcus. – 1966. Opisthobranchs from tropical West Africa. Stud. Trop. Oceanogr., 4: 152-208. Miller, M.G. – 1961. Distribution and food of the nudibranchiate Mollusca of the south of the Isle of Man. J. Animal Ecol., 30: 96-116. doi:10.2307/2116 Naranjo, S., J.L. Carballo and J.C. García-Gómez. – 1998. Towards a knowledge of marine boundaries using ascidians as indicators: characterising transition zones for species distribution along Atlantic- Mediterranean shores. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 64: 151-177. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1998.tb01539.x Peteet, D., A. Andreew, W. Bardeen and F. Mistretta. – 1998. Longterm Arctic peatland dynamics, vegetation and climate history of the Pur-Taz region, western Siberia. Boreas, 27: 115-126. Petryashev, V.V. – 2002. Leptostraca, Mysidacea, Isopoda, and Decapada (Anomura) (Crustacea, Malacostraca) of the Chukchi sea and adjacent waters: Biogeography and fauna formation. Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 28(suppl. 1): S56-S63. doi:10.1023/A:1021842123310 Pianka, E.R. – 1966. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: a review of concepts. Am. Nat., 100: 33-46. doi:10.1086/282398 Scheltema, R.S. – 1995. The relevance of passive dispersal for the biogeography of Caribbean mollusks. Amer. Malac. Bull., 11: 99-115. Schrödl, M. – 1999. Zoogeographic relationships of the Magellan Nudibranchia (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) with particular reference to species from adjacent regions. Sci. Mar., 63(Supl. 1): 409-416. Templado, J., A.A. Luque and J. Ortea. – 1990. A commented check-list of the amphiatlantic Ascoglossa and Nudibranchia (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia). Lavori S.I.M., 23: 295-326. Thorson, G. – 1941. Marine Gastropoda Prosobranchiata. Zoology Iceland, 4: 1-150. Thorson, G. – 1957. Bottom communities (sublittoral or shallow shelf). In: J.W. Hedgpeth (ed.), Treatise on marine ecology and paleoecology, pp. 461-534. Geol. Soc. Am. Willig, M.R., D.M. Kaufman and R.D. Steven. – 2003. Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: pattern, process, scale and synthesis. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 34: 273-309. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.012103.144032 https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1050 doi:10.3989/scimar.2009.73n1153 Copyright (c) 2009 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 CC-BY Scientia Marina; Vol. 73 No. 1 (2009); 153-160 Scientia Marina; Vol. 73 Núm. 1 (2009); 153-160 1886-8134 0214-8358 10.3989/scimar.2009.73n1 amphiatlantism Atlantic Ocean Gastropoda marine biogeography Mollusca Opisthobranchia anfiatlantismo biogeografía marina océano Atlántico info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed article Artículo revisado por pares 2009 ftjscientiamarin https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2009.73n1153 https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2009.73n1 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2001.240309.x https://doi.org/10.2307/2261038 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01611686 https://doi.org/10.2307/3333 https://doi. 2022-03-20T16:30:59Z A zoogeographic study of the Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the Atlantic Ocean was carried out. Data on Opisthobranch occurrence were collated from literature records and databases. An estimated 1066 species were considered for this study, which belonged to the orders Cephalaspidea, Anaspidea, Sacoglossa, Notaspidea and Nudibranchia. Biogeographical patterns were analysed using cluster analysis (TWINSPAN) and ordination MDS (non-metric multidimensional scaling program). The richness of opisthobranchs increases from polar to tropical regions along Atlantic shores. The cluster analysis showed that there is a latitudinal and longitudinal separation of the biogeographical areas. The amphiatlantic species can be separated into four groups according to their distribution: G1.1.- the geographic range of species is limited to cold water on both sides of the Atlantic; G1.2.- species with geographic ranges limited to the western Arctic and Boreal regions, with a wide distribution in the eastern Atlantic, from the eastern Arctic or the eastern Boreal region to the Lusitanian and Mediterranean provinces; G2.1.- species with geographic ranges limited to the Caribbean and Mauritanian-Senegalese areas; G2.2.- species with a wide geographical distribution along both Atlantic shores. Se realiza un estudio zoogeográfico de los Opistobranquios (Mollusca, Gastropoda) del Océano Atlántico. Los datos de distribución proceden de referencias bibliográficas y de bases de datos. El número de especies consideradas es de 1066, pertenecientes a los órdenes Cephalaspidea, Anaspidea, Sacoglossa, Notaspidea y Nudibranchia. Los modelos biogeográficos fueron analizados empleando análisis de agrupamiento (TWINSPAN) y de ordenación (MDS). A lo largo de los márgenes del océano, se detecta un incremento de la riqueza de especies desde las regiones polares hacia las tropicales. Los análisis mostraron la existencia de separaciones latitudinales y longitudinales de las áreas biogeográficas a partir de las comunidades de opistobranquios. Según la distribución que presentan las especies anfiatlánticas, éstas se pueden reunir en cuatro grupos: G1.1, especies cuyo rango de distribución están limitados a las aguas frías más septentrionales; G1.2, especies con rango de distribución estrecho en el Atlántico Occidental (regiones Ártica y Boreal) y amplio en el Atlántico Oriental (desde el Ártico o Boreal hasta las provincias Lusitánica y Mediterránea); G2.1, especies con rango de distribución geográfica limitado a las áreas Caribeña, en el Atlántico Occidental y Mauritánica o Senegalense en el Atlántico Oriental; G2.2, especies con amplio rango de distribución en ambos lados del Atlántico. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Arctic Scientia Marina (E-Journal) Arctic Estrecho ENVELOPE(-60.783,-60.783,-62.467,-62.467) CHILDREN INFECTIONS 15 2 15 19 |