Identification and classification of weak layers in the snow
The paper considers the role of vertical snowpack structure for snow avalanche formation and describes the idea of «structural instability». It aims at enhancing the knowledge about transition mechanisms between stable and unstable states of snowpack and snow avalanches release. Structural instabili...
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Language: | Russian |
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IGRAS
2015
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Online Access: | https://ice-snow.igras.ru/jour/article/view/134 https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2013-4-74-82 |
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ftjias:oai:oai.ice.elpub.ru:article/134 |
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record_format |
openpolar |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Ice and Snow (E-Journal) |
op_collection_id |
ftjias |
language |
Russian |
topic |
Genetic types of snow avalanches;snow cover;snowpack stability;snowрасk structure;weak layers and interfaces |
spellingShingle |
Genetic types of snow avalanches;snow cover;snowpack stability;snowрасk structure;weak layers and interfaces E. Klimenko S. Е. Клименко С. Identification and classification of weak layers in the snow |
topic_facet |
Genetic types of snow avalanches;snow cover;snowpack stability;snowрасk structure;weak layers and interfaces |
description |
The paper considers the role of vertical snowpack structure for snow avalanche formation and describes the idea of «structural instability». It aims at enhancing the knowledge about transition mechanisms between stable and unstable states of snowpack and snow avalanches release. Structural instability implies the presence of weak layer or interface in vertical snowpack profile. Type of snow failure and avalanche characteristics are completely defined by snowpack state and properties. Thus wide variety of genetic types of snow avalanches indicates the existence of structural instability of different types. The detailed analysis of scientific publications and field observations led to the creation of a new classification of weak layers. The layers are classified basing on their cohesiveness, the causes of initial disturbance and internal and external processes which form a weak layer. The classification is a necessary part of global method which allows assessing snowpack stability using modern physical models of snow cover evolution. Рассматривается роль структуры снега в лавинообразовании и вводится понятие «структурной неустойчивости» снежного покрова, изучение которой необходимо для расширения знаний о механизмах схода снежных лавин. Под структурной неустойчивостью понимается наличие в структуре снежной толщи ослабленного слоя или контакта. Текущее состояние и история формирования снежного покрова на склоне определяют форму отрыва и характер формирующейся лавины. Поэтому генетическое разнообразие снежных лавин свидетельствует, что в снеге может наблюдаться структурная неустойчивость разных типов. Итогом выполненного аналитического обзора литературы и собственных полевых наблюдений стала классификация ослабленных слоёв в снеге. Слои классифицируются на основе их связности, причин для возникновения первичного нарушения, а также условий образования. Представленная классификация – необходимое звено в создании методики оценки устойчивости снежного покрова с помощью современных моделей развития снега. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
E. Klimenko S. Е. Клименко С. |
author_facet |
E. Klimenko S. Е. Клименко С. |
author_sort |
E. Klimenko S. |
title |
Identification and classification of weak layers in the snow |
title_short |
Identification and classification of weak layers in the snow |
title_full |
Identification and classification of weak layers in the snow |
title_fullStr |
Identification and classification of weak layers in the snow |
title_full_unstemmed |
Identification and classification of weak layers in the snow |
title_sort |
identification and classification of weak layers in the snow |
publisher |
IGRAS |
publishDate |
2015 |
url |
https://ice-snow.igras.ru/jour/article/view/134 https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2013-4-74-82 |
genre |
Annals of Glaciology The Cryosphere |
genre_facet |
Annals of Glaciology The Cryosphere |
op_source |
Ice and Snow; Том 53, № 4 (2013); 74-82 Лёд и Снег; Том 53, № 4 (2013); 74-82 2412-3765 2076-6734 10.15356/2076-6734-2013-4 |
op_relation |
Akkuratov V.N. Genetic classification of avalanches. Trudy El’brusskoy vysokogornoy kompleksnoy ekspeditsii. Proc. of the Elbrus high mountain complex expedition. V. 1. Nalchik, 1959: 215–232. [In Russian]. Bozhinsky A.N. Instability of natural mass of snow and people on mountain slopes. Itogi nauki i tekhniki. Totals of science and technique. Ser. Glaciology. V. 2. 1980: 122 p. [In Russian]. Bozhinsky A.N., Losev K.S. Osnovy lavinovedeniya. Foundations of avalanche studies. Leningrad: Hydrometeoizdat, 1987: 280 p. [In Russian]. Bolov R.V. Snow structure and its relationship with avalanche formation. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Data of Glaciological Studies. 1982, 43: 49–55. [In Russian]. Vodosnezhnye potoki Khibin. Slush avalanche in Khibiny. Eds. A.N. Bozhinsky, S.M. Myagkov. Moscow State University. 2001: 167 p. [In Russian]. Dzyuba V.V., Laptev M.N. Genetic classification and diagnostic sings of snow avalanches. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Data of Glaciological Studies. 1984, 50: 97–104. [In Russian]. Kanaev L.A. Problems of avalanche classification. Trudy SANIGMI. Proc. of the Central Asian Hydrometeorological Institute. 1980, 71 (152): 11–24. [In Russian]. Klimenko E.S. Modeling of snow cover on avalanche dangerous slope for estimation of its stability. Georisk. Georisk. 2011, 1: 52–57. [In Russian]. Korolev A.I. Some observations of avalanche release. Trudy SANIGMI. Proc. of the Central Asian Hydrometeorological Institute. 1972, 63 (78): 80–88. [In Russian]. Losev K.S. Laviny SSSR (rasprostranenie, rayonirovanie, vozmozhnosti prognoza). Avalanches in the USSR (distribution, regionalization, possibilities of prediction). Leningrad: Hydrometeoizdat, 1966: 129 p. [In Russian]. Losev K.S. On mechanism of origin the avalanches connected with snowfalls and snowdrifts. Trudy SANIGMI. Proc. of the Central Asian Hydrometeorological Institute. 1972, 63 (78): 3–11. [In Russian]. Moskalev Yu.D. Vozniknovenie i dvizhenie lavin. Origin and movement of avalanches. Leningrad: Hydrometeoizdat, 1966: 151 p. [In Russian]. Otuoter M. Okhotniki za lavinami. Hunters for avalanches. Moscow: Mir, 1980: 254 p. [Translation from English into Russian]. Rzhevsky B.N. Avalanches of strong temperature changes and methods of their prediction. Trudy VGI. Proc. of High Mountain Geophysical Institute. 1967, 12: 253–259. [In Russian]. Avalanche atlas. International Commission of Snow and Ice. Paris: UNESCO, 1981: 268 p. Bellaire S., Jamieson J.B., Fierz C. Forcing the snow-cover model SNOWPACK with forecasted weather data. The Cryosphere. 2011, 5: 1115–1125. Bozhinskiy A.N., Nazarov A.N., Chernouss P.A. Avalanches: a probabilistic approach to modeling. Annals of Glaciology. 2001, 32: 255–258. Durand Y., Giraud G., Brun E., Merindol L., Martin E. A computer-based system simulating snowpack structures as a tool for regional avalanche forecasting. Journ. of Glaciology. 1999, 45: 469–484. Fierz C., Armstrong R.L., Durand Y., Etchevers P., Greene E., McClung D.M., Nishimura K., Satyawali P.K., Sokratov S.A. The International Classification for Seasonal Snow on the Ground. IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology №°83. IACS Contribution № 1. Paris: UNESCO, 2009: 80 р. Heierli J. Anticrack model for slab avalanche release. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Karlsruhe–Karlsruhe, Germany. 2008: 102 p. Lehning M., Bartelt P.B., Brown R.L., Fierz C., Satyawali P. A physical SNOWPACK model for the Swiss Avalanche Warning Services. Part III: meteorological boundary conditions, thin layer formulation and evaluation. Cold Region Science and Technology. 2002, 35 (3): 169–184. Reiweger I. Failure of weak snow layers. PhD thesis. ETH Zürich, Switzerland. 2011: 158 p. Schweizer J., Jamieson B. Snowpack properties for snow profile analysis. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2003, 37: 233–241. Schweizer J., Bellaire S., Fierz C., Lehning M., Pielmeier C. Evaluating and improving the stability predictions of the snow cover model SNOWPACK. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2006, 46: 52–59. https://ice-snow.igras.ru/jour/article/view/134 doi:10.15356/2076-6734-2013-4-74-82 |
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Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). Авторы, публикующие статьи в данном журнале, соглашаются на следующее:Авторы сохраняют за собой авторские права и предоставляют журналу право первой публикации работы, которая по истечении 6 месяцев после публикации автоматически лицензируется на условиях Creative Commons Attribution License , что позволяет другим распространять данную работу с обязательным сохранением ссылок на авторов оригинальной работы и оригинальную публикацию в этом журнале.Редакция журнала будет размещать принятую для публикации статью на сайте журнала до выхода её в свет (после утверждения к печати редколлегией журнала). Авторы также имеют право размещать их работу в сети Интернет (например в институтском хранилище или персональном сайте) до и во время процесса рассмотрения ее данным журналом, так как это может привести к продуктивному обсуждению и большему количеству ссылок на данную работу (См. The Effect of Open Access). |
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ftjias:oai:oai.ice.elpub.ru:article/134 2023-05-15T13:29:51+02:00 Identification and classification of weak layers in the snow Определение и классификация ослабленных слоёв в снежном покрове E. Klimenko S. Е. Клименко С. 2015-04-06 https://ice-snow.igras.ru/jour/article/view/134 https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2013-4-74-82 ru rus IGRAS Akkuratov V.N. Genetic classification of avalanches. Trudy El’brusskoy vysokogornoy kompleksnoy ekspeditsii. Proc. of the Elbrus high mountain complex expedition. V. 1. Nalchik, 1959: 215–232. [In Russian]. Bozhinsky A.N. Instability of natural mass of snow and people on mountain slopes. Itogi nauki i tekhniki. Totals of science and technique. Ser. Glaciology. V. 2. 1980: 122 p. [In Russian]. Bozhinsky A.N., Losev K.S. Osnovy lavinovedeniya. Foundations of avalanche studies. Leningrad: Hydrometeoizdat, 1987: 280 p. [In Russian]. Bolov R.V. Snow structure and its relationship with avalanche formation. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Data of Glaciological Studies. 1982, 43: 49–55. [In Russian]. Vodosnezhnye potoki Khibin. Slush avalanche in Khibiny. Eds. A.N. Bozhinsky, S.M. Myagkov. Moscow State University. 2001: 167 p. [In Russian]. Dzyuba V.V., Laptev M.N. Genetic classification and diagnostic sings of snow avalanches. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Data of Glaciological Studies. 1984, 50: 97–104. [In Russian]. Kanaev L.A. Problems of avalanche classification. Trudy SANIGMI. Proc. of the Central Asian Hydrometeorological Institute. 1980, 71 (152): 11–24. [In Russian]. Klimenko E.S. Modeling of snow cover on avalanche dangerous slope for estimation of its stability. Georisk. Georisk. 2011, 1: 52–57. [In Russian]. Korolev A.I. Some observations of avalanche release. Trudy SANIGMI. Proc. of the Central Asian Hydrometeorological Institute. 1972, 63 (78): 80–88. [In Russian]. Losev K.S. Laviny SSSR (rasprostranenie, rayonirovanie, vozmozhnosti prognoza). Avalanches in the USSR (distribution, regionalization, possibilities of prediction). Leningrad: Hydrometeoizdat, 1966: 129 p. [In Russian]. Losev K.S. On mechanism of origin the avalanches connected with snowfalls and snowdrifts. Trudy SANIGMI. Proc. of the Central Asian Hydrometeorological Institute. 1972, 63 (78): 3–11. [In Russian]. Moskalev Yu.D. Vozniknovenie i dvizhenie lavin. Origin and movement of avalanches. Leningrad: Hydrometeoizdat, 1966: 151 p. [In Russian]. Otuoter M. Okhotniki za lavinami. Hunters for avalanches. Moscow: Mir, 1980: 254 p. [Translation from English into Russian]. Rzhevsky B.N. Avalanches of strong temperature changes and methods of their prediction. Trudy VGI. Proc. of High Mountain Geophysical Institute. 1967, 12: 253–259. [In Russian]. Avalanche atlas. International Commission of Snow and Ice. Paris: UNESCO, 1981: 268 p. Bellaire S., Jamieson J.B., Fierz C. Forcing the snow-cover model SNOWPACK with forecasted weather data. The Cryosphere. 2011, 5: 1115–1125. Bozhinskiy A.N., Nazarov A.N., Chernouss P.A. Avalanches: a probabilistic approach to modeling. Annals of Glaciology. 2001, 32: 255–258. Durand Y., Giraud G., Brun E., Merindol L., Martin E. A computer-based system simulating snowpack structures as a tool for regional avalanche forecasting. Journ. of Glaciology. 1999, 45: 469–484. Fierz C., Armstrong R.L., Durand Y., Etchevers P., Greene E., McClung D.M., Nishimura K., Satyawali P.K., Sokratov S.A. The International Classification for Seasonal Snow on the Ground. IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology №°83. IACS Contribution № 1. Paris: UNESCO, 2009: 80 р. Heierli J. Anticrack model for slab avalanche release. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Karlsruhe–Karlsruhe, Germany. 2008: 102 p. Lehning M., Bartelt P.B., Brown R.L., Fierz C., Satyawali P. A physical SNOWPACK model for the Swiss Avalanche Warning Services. Part III: meteorological boundary conditions, thin layer formulation and evaluation. Cold Region Science and Technology. 2002, 35 (3): 169–184. Reiweger I. Failure of weak snow layers. PhD thesis. ETH Zürich, Switzerland. 2011: 158 p. Schweizer J., Jamieson B. Snowpack properties for snow profile analysis. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2003, 37: 233–241. Schweizer J., Bellaire S., Fierz C., Lehning M., Pielmeier C. Evaluating and improving the stability predictions of the snow cover model SNOWPACK. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2006, 46: 52–59. https://ice-snow.igras.ru/jour/article/view/134 doi:10.15356/2076-6734-2013-4-74-82 Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). Авторы, публикующие статьи в данном журнале, соглашаются на следующее:Авторы сохраняют за собой авторские права и предоставляют журналу право первой публикации работы, которая по истечении 6 месяцев после публикации автоматически лицензируется на условиях Creative Commons Attribution License , что позволяет другим распространять данную работу с обязательным сохранением ссылок на авторов оригинальной работы и оригинальную публикацию в этом журнале.Редакция журнала будет размещать принятую для публикации статью на сайте журнала до выхода её в свет (после утверждения к печати редколлегией журнала). Авторы также имеют право размещать их работу в сети Интернет (например в институтском хранилище или персональном сайте) до и во время процесса рассмотрения ее данным журналом, так как это может привести к продуктивному обсуждению и большему количеству ссылок на данную работу (См. The Effect of Open Access). CC-BY Ice and Snow; Том 53, № 4 (2013); 74-82 Лёд и Снег; Том 53, № 4 (2013); 74-82 2412-3765 2076-6734 10.15356/2076-6734-2013-4 Genetic types of snow avalanches;snow cover;snowpack stability;snowрасk structure;weak layers and interfaces info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 2015 ftjias https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2013-4-74-82 https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2013-4 2022-12-20T13:30:01Z The paper considers the role of vertical snowpack structure for snow avalanche formation and describes the idea of «structural instability». It aims at enhancing the knowledge about transition mechanisms between stable and unstable states of snowpack and snow avalanches release. Structural instability implies the presence of weak layer or interface in vertical snowpack profile. Type of snow failure and avalanche characteristics are completely defined by snowpack state and properties. Thus wide variety of genetic types of snow avalanches indicates the existence of structural instability of different types. The detailed analysis of scientific publications and field observations led to the creation of a new classification of weak layers. The layers are classified basing on their cohesiveness, the causes of initial disturbance and internal and external processes which form a weak layer. The classification is a necessary part of global method which allows assessing snowpack stability using modern physical models of snow cover evolution. Рассматривается роль структуры снега в лавинообразовании и вводится понятие «структурной неустойчивости» снежного покрова, изучение которой необходимо для расширения знаний о механизмах схода снежных лавин. Под структурной неустойчивостью понимается наличие в структуре снежной толщи ослабленного слоя или контакта. Текущее состояние и история формирования снежного покрова на склоне определяют форму отрыва и характер формирующейся лавины. Поэтому генетическое разнообразие снежных лавин свидетельствует, что в снеге может наблюдаться структурная неустойчивость разных типов. Итогом выполненного аналитического обзора литературы и собственных полевых наблюдений стала классификация ослабленных слоёв в снеге. Слои классифицируются на основе их связности, причин для возникновения первичного нарушения, а также условий образования. Представленная классификация – необходимое звено в создании методики оценки устойчивости снежного покрова с помощью современных моделей развития снега. Article in Journal/Newspaper Annals of Glaciology The Cryosphere Ice and Snow (E-Journal) Ice and Snow 124 4 74 |