SUBSTITUTE OFFERING: AN OB UGRIAN RITUAL TRADITION SURVIVING IN THE 20TH AND EARLY 21ST CENTURY
The substitute offering is a little known ritual practice described by Artturi Kannisto among the northern Khanty and Mansi in the early 1900s, and by the Novosibirsk ethnographers in 1985–2017. Substitution was practiced in case of the offeror’s illness, absence of a requisite domestic animal or un...
Published in: | Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia |
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Main Authors: | , |
Other Authors: | , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | Russian English |
Published: |
IAET SB RAS
2018
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Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/378 https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.122-128 |
Summary: | The substitute offering is a little known ritual practice described by Artturi Kannisto among the northern Khanty and Mansi in the early 1900s, and by the Novosibirsk ethnographers in 1985–2017. Substitution was practiced in case of the offeror’s illness, absence of a requisite domestic animal or unsuccessful hunt. In such cases, instead of actual animals, their effi gies were offered to the patron spirits—fi gurines of horses, reindeer, cows, sheep, and cocks cut from birch-bark or cast of lead; alternatively, purchased toys were offered. A substitute could be a pencil drawing or an embroidered fi gure of a horse on cloth. The specifi c substitute was normally prescribed by a shaman; it had to be made only by someone unrelated to and older than the supposed offeror. The effi gy and the prayer to the deity, accompanying the offering, are described. Animal effi gies were kept in sacral trunks, attached to the clothes of patron spirits, tied into the corners of head cloths and ribbons of covers to be offered. The combined version of the substitute offering includes hitherto unknown representations of a head cloth, a coat or robe, cut from birch-bark. В статье изложены результаты исследования малоизученной практики принесения заместительной жертвы, зафиксированной у северных групп хантов и манси в XX – начале XXI в. Подробно рассматриваются описания традиции замещения жертвы, сделанные А. Каннисто в начале XX в., а также материалы, полученные новосибирскими этнографами в 1985–2017 гг. Установлено, что временное замещение жертвы происходило в случае болезни человека, при отсутствии в хозяйстве животного и при неудаче в охотничьем промысле. Семейным духам-покровителям манси и ханты подносили вместо животных их фигурки – коня, оленя, коровы, овцы, петуха. Фигурки вырезали из бересты или отливали из свинца; использовали покупные игрушки в форме зверей. Зафиксированы заместительные жертвы в виде образа оленя, нарисованного на бумаге карандашом, и фигуры коня, вышитой на сукне. Вид заместительной жертвы чаще всего ... |
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